Study Set: 新世界より [‘From the New World’] Vol. 1: episodes 1 &

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新世界より [‘From the New World’] Vol. 1: episodes 1 & 2

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Vocab for episodes 1 & 2 of the animated series ‘新世界より’ [‘From the New World’]. This is volume 1/6. Check out the ‘Most Common Vocab’ set (vol 0) for a list of the most common terms throughout the series.

Levels:

225

132

189

144

811 entries — Created by Public Domain — Last modified: 1928-11-03 00:00:00

⑤ お父さん【おとうさん】 • father

⑤ お母さん【おかあさん】 • mother

⑤ こんな • such (about something/someone close to the speaker (including the speaker), or about ideas expressed by the speaker), like this

⑤ さん • ① Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms ② honorific used with occupational titles

⑤ じゃあ • ① then, well, so, well then ② combination of 'de' and 'wa' particles ③ plain copula

⑤ じゃ • ① then, well, so, well then ② combination of 'de' and 'wa' particles ③ plain copula

⑤ そう • ① so, really, seeming ② (after masu stem and adj-stem) appearing that, seeming that, looking like, having the appearance of

⑤ そんな • such (about the actions of the listener, or about ideas expressed or understood by the listener), like that, that sort of

⑤ でも • ① but, however, still, yet, although, even though ② even, even if ③ or something

⑤ どんな • what, what kind of

⑤ はい • ① yes ② OK (used to get attention prior to an utterance), okay ③ giddy-up, giddap

⑤ もう • ① already, anymore ② soon, shortly ③ more, further, other, again ④ interjection used to strengthen expression of an emotion (often exasperation)

⑤ もっと • (some) more, even more, longer, further

⑤ クラス • class

⑤ 一【いち】 • ① one ② best in, the most (...) in (where an adjective follows)

⑤ 一つ【ひとつ】 • ① one ② for one thing (often used in itemized lists) ③ (after a noun) only ④ (with a verb in negative form) (not) even ⑤ just (i.e. "just try it")

⑤ 右【みぎ】 • ① right, right hand side ② afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing), foregoing, forgoing, above

⑤ 下さい【ください】 • ① please give me ② (after te-form of a verb or a noun prefixed with o- or go-) please do for me

⑤ 外【そと】 • ① outside, exterior ② open air ③ other place

⑤ 学校【がっこう】 • school

⑤ 見る【みる】 • ① to see, to look, to watch, to view, to observe ② to look over, to look on, to assess, to examine, to judge ③ to look after, to keep an eye on, to take care of ④ to view (e.g. flowers, movie) ⑤ (usu. after the -te form of a verb) to try

⑤ 後【あと】 • ① behind, rear ② after, later ③ after one's death ④ remainder, the rest ⑤ descendant, successor, heir ⑥ more (i.e. five more minutes)

⑤ 高い【たかい】 • ① high, tall ② expensive

⑤ 今【いま】 • now, the present time, just now, soon, immediately, (one) more

⑤ 左【ひだり】 • left, left hand side

⑤ 時【とき】 • ① time, hour ② occasion, moment

⑤ 時間【じかん】 • ① time ② hours

⑤ 手【て】 • ① hand, arm ② handle ③ hand, worker, help ④ trouble, care, effort ⑤ means, way, trick, move, technique, workmanship ⑥ hand, handwriting ⑦ kind, type, sort ⑧ one's hands, one's possession ⑨ ability to cope ⑩ hand (of cards) ⑪ direction

⑤ 週間【しゅうかん】 • week, weekly

⑤ 出す【だす】 • ① to take out, to get out ② to put out, to reveal, to show ③ to submit (e.g. thesis), to turn in ④ to publish, to make public ⑤ to send (e.g. letter) ⑥ to produce (a sound), to start (fire) ⑦ to serve (food) ⑧ to begin

⑤ 出る【でる】 • ① to go out, to exit, to leave ② to appear, to come forth, to be published ③ to answer (the phone or door)

⑤ 出来る【できる】 • ① to be able (in a position) to do, to be up to the task ② to be ready, to be completed ③ to be made, to be built ④ to be good at, to be permitted (to do) ⑤ to become intimate, to take up (with somebody) ⑥ to grow, to be raised

⑤ 少し【すこし】 • ① small quantity, little, few, something ② little while ③ short distance

⑤ 人【じん】 • ① -ian (e.g. Italian, etc.) (attaches to name of country to denote nationality), -er (e.g. performer, etc.) (attaches to name of occupation) ② (usu. in compound words) man, person, people

⑤ 生まれる【うまれる】 • to be born

⑤ 先生【せんせい】 • ① teacher, master, doctor ② with names of teachers, etc. as an honorific

⑤ 前【まえ】 • ① ago, before (some event), previously, (minutes) to (the hour) ② in front (of), before (e.g. the house) ③ head (of a line), front (e.g. of a bus), fore part ④ in the presence of ⑤ helping, portion ⑥ privates, private parts

⑤ 足【あし】 • ① foot ② leg ③ gait ④ pace

⑤ 大人【おとな】 • adult

⑤ 中【なか】 • ① inside, in ② among, within ③ center (centre), middle ④ during, while

⑤ 二つ【ふたつ】 • two

⑤ 入る【はいる】 • ① to enter ② to break into ③ to join, to enroll ④ to contain, to hold, to accommodate ⑤ to have (an income of)

⑤ 分【ふん】 • minute

⑤ 本【ほん】 • ① book, volume ② main, head, this, our, present, real ③ counter for long cylindrical things

⑤ 毎日【まいにち】 • every day

⑤ 名前【なまえ】 • ① name, full name ② given name, first name

⑤ 木【き】 • tree, wood, timber

⑤ 来る【くる】 • ① to come (spatially or temporally), to approach, to arrive ② to come back, to do ... and come back ③ to come to be, to become, to get, to grow, to continue ④ to come from, to be caused by, to derive from ⑤ to come to (i.e. "when it comes to spinach ...")

⑤ 何【なに】 • ① what ② how many (some counter)

⑤ 何【なん】 • ① what ② how many (some counter)

⑤ 行く【いく】 • ① to go ② to proceed, to take place ③ to die, to pass away ④ to continue

⑤ 今日【きょう】 • today, this day

⑤ 人【ひと】 • ① man, person ② human being, mankind, people ③ character, personality ④ man of talent, true man ⑤ other people ⑥ adult

⑤ 六つ【むっつ】 • six

⑤ 言う【いう】 • ① to say ② to call (i.e. to give a name)

⑤ 大きい【おおきい】 • big, large, great, loud

⑤ 聞く【きく】 • ① to hear ② to listen (e.g. to music) ③ to ask, to enquire, to query

⑤ 立つ【たつ】 • ① to stand, to rise, to stand up ② to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position) ③ to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)

⑤ 話【はなし】 • ① talk, speech, chat, story, conversation ② discussions, negotiation, argument

⑤ 目【め】 • ① eye, eyeball ② eyesight ③ look ④ experience ⑤ viewpoint ⑥ ordinal number suffix ⑦ somewhat, -ish

⑤ 分かる【わかる】 • ① to be understood, to be comprehended, to be grasped ② to become clear, to be known, to be discovered, to be realized, to be realised, to be found out

⑤ 父さん【とうさん】 • father

⑤ です • polite copula in Japanese

⑤ 日【にち】 • ① Sunday ② day (of the month) ③ counter for days

⑤ 年【ねん】 • ① year (e.g. AD) ② counter for years

⑤ 山【さん】 • Mt (suffix used with the names of mountains), Mount

⑤ いる • auxillary verb for continuing action or state

⑤ 人【にん】 • ① counter for people ② (usu. in compound words) person

⑤ 悪い【わるい】 • ① bad, poor, inferior ② evil, sinful ③ unprofitable, unbeneficial ④ at fault, to blame, in the wrong ⑤ sorry

⑤ 意味【いみ】 • meaning, significance

⑤ 家【いえ】 • ① house, residence, dwelling ② family, household ③ lineage, family name

⑤ 会う【あう】 • ① to meet, to encounter ② to have an accident, to have a bad experience

⑤ 回【かい】 • ① counter for occurrences ② counter for innings (baseball)

⑤ 開ける【あける】 • ① to open (a door, etc.), to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package) ② to open (for business, etc.)

⑤ 寒い【さむい】 • ① cold (e.g. weather) ② dull, uninteresting, lame

⑤ 帰る【かえる】 • ① to return, to come home, to go home, to go back ② (of a guest, customer, etc.) to leave ③ (of a baseball player rounding the bases) to get home

⑤ 起きる【おきる】 • ① to get up, to rise ② to wake up ③ to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents), to happen, to take place

⑤ 強い【つよい】 • ① strong, powerful, mighty, potent ② resistant, resilient, durable

⑤ 教える【おしえる】 • to teach, to inform, to instruct

⑤ 好き【すき】 • liking, fondness, love

⑤ 考える【かんがえる】 • to consider, to think about

⑤ 使う【つかう】 • ① to use (a thing, method, etc.), to make use of, to put to use ② to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.), to employ, to handle, to manage, to manipulate ③ to use (time, money, etc.), to spend, to consume ④ to use (language), to speak ⑤ to take (one's lunch), to circulate (bad money)

⑤ 始まる【はじまる】 • to begin

⑤ 止まる【とまる】 • ① to stop, to halt ② to remain, to abide, to stay (in the one place) ③ to come to a halt ④ to be limited to

⑤ 死ぬ【しぬ】 • to die

⑤ 私【わたし】 • ① I, me ② private affairs, personal matter, secrecy ③ selfishness

⑤ 持つ【もつ】 • ① to hold, to carry ② to possess

⑤ 自分【じぶん】 • ① myself, yourself, oneself, himself, herself ② I, me

⑤ 秋【あき】 • autumn, fall

⑤ 住む【すむ】 • to live (of humans), to reside, to inhabit, to dwell, to abide

⑤ 所【ところ】 • ① place, spot, scene, site ② address ③ district, area, locality ④ one's house ⑤ point ⑥ part ⑦ space, room ⑧ whereupon, as a result ⑨ (after present form of a verb) about to, on the verge of

⑤ 乗る【のる】 • ① to get on, to ride in, to board, to mount, to get up on ② to spread (paints), to be taken in ③ to share in, to join, to feel like doing, to be mentioned in, to be in harmony with ④ to appear (in print), to be recorded, to be found in (a dictionary)

⑤ 図書館【としょかん】 • library

⑤ 声【こえ】 • voice

⑤ 早い【はやい】 • ① fast, quick, hasty, brisk ② early (in the day, etc.), premature ③ (too) soon, not yet, (too) early ④ easy, simple, quick

⑤ 多い【おおい】 • many, numerous

⑤ 多分【たぶん】 • ① perhaps, probably ② generous, many, much, great

⑤ 待つ【まつ】 • ① to wait ② to await, to look forward to, to anticipate ③ (usu. in negative form) to depend on, to need

⑤ 大きな【おおきな】 • big, large, great

⑤ 大切【たいせつ】 • important, valuable, worthy of care

⑤ 知る【しる】 • to know, to understand, to be acquainted with, to feel

⑤ 池【いけ】 • pond

⑤ 低い【ひくい】 • low (height, tone, rank, degree, cost, etc.), short

⑤ 度【ど】 • ① degree (angle, temperature, scale, etc.) ② counter for occurrences and times ③ strength (of alcohol)

⑤ 働く【はたらく】 • ① to work, to labor, to labour ② to function, to operate, to be effective, to work (i.e. ... works), to come into play ③ to commit (e.g. a crime), to perpetrate, to do, to act, to practise, to practice ④ to be conjugated

⑤ 同じ【おなじ】 • ① same, identical, equal, uniform, equivalent, similar, common (origin), changeless, alike ② (usu. part of a 'nara' conditional) anyway, anyhow, in either case

⑤ 物【もの】 • ① thing, object ② the natural thing, a frequently done thing ③ used to express emotional involvement ④ used in giving a reason

⑤ 勉強【べんきょう】 • ① study ② diligence ③ discount, reduction

⑤ 方【ほう】 • side, direction, way

⑤ 問題【もんだい】 • problem, question

⑤ 有名【ゆうめい】 • ① famous ② fame

⑤ 夕方【ゆうがた】 • evening

⑤ 頭【あたま】 • ① head ② mind, brain, intellect ③ top ④ hair (on one's head) ⑤ bangs, fringe ⑥ top structural component of a kanji

⑤ 明日【あした】 • tomorrow

⑤ 門【もん】 • ① gate ② branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master ③ (biological) division ④ counter for cannons

⑤ 思う【おもう】 • ① to think, to consider, to believe ② to think (of doing), to plan (to do) ③ to judge, to assess, to regard ④ to imagine, to suppose, to dream ⑤ to expect, to look forward to ⑥ to feel, to desire, to want ⑦ to recall, to remember

⑤ 終わる【おわる】 • to finish, to end, to close

⑤ 作る【つくる】 • ① to make, to produce, to manufacture, to build, to construct ② to prepare (food), to brew (alcohol) ③ to raise, to grow, to cultivate, to train ④ to till ⑤ to draw up (a document), to make out, to prepare, to write ⑥ to create (an artistic work, etc.), to compose ⑦ to coin (a phrase), to organize, to organise, to establish, to found ⑧ to have (a child) ⑨ to make up (one's face, etc.) ⑩ to fabricate (an excuse, etc.) ⑪ to form (a line, etc.) ⑫ to set (a record) ⑬ to commit (a sin, etc.)

⑤ 町【まち】 • ① town, block, neighbourhood, neighborhood ② street, road ③ 109.09 m ④ 0.99 hectares

⑤ 一番【いちばん】 • ① best, first, number one ② game, round, bout, fall, event (in a meet)

⑤ 絵【え】 • picture, drawing, painting, sketch

⑤ 君【きみ】 • you, buddy, pal

⑤ 言葉【ことば】 • ① language, dialect ② word, words, phrase, term, expression, remark ③ speech, (manner of) speaking

⑤ 向こう【むこう】 • ① opposite side, other side, opposite direction ② over there, that way, far away, beyond ③ the other party, the other person ④ future (starting now)

⑤ 取る【とる】 • ① to take, to pick up, to harvest, to earn, to choose ② to steal ③ to eat, to have (a meal) ④ to remove (one's glasses, etc.)

⑤ 宿題【しゅくだい】 • homework

⑤ 消える【きえる】 • to go out, to vanish, to disappear

⑤ 消す【けす】 • ① to erase, to delete, to cross out ② to turn off power ③ to extinguish, to put out

⑤ 全部【ぜんぶ】 • all, entire, whole, altogether

⑤ 本当【ほんとう】 • truth, reality

⑤ 無い【ない】 • ① nonexistent, not being (there) ② unpossessed, unowned, not had ③ unique ④ indicates negation, inexperience, unnecessariness or impossibility ⑤ (after the ren'youkei form of an adjective) not ... ⑥ (after the -te form of a verb) to not be..., to have not ...

⑤ 面白い【おもしろい】 • interesting, amusing

⑤ 側【がわ】 • ① side (of something, or taking someone's side), part ② (watch) case

⑤ 本当に【ほんとうに】 • really, truly

⑤ 番【ばん】 • ① number (in a series) ② (one's) turn ③ watch, guard, lookout ④ bout, match (sumo)

⑤ 違う【ちがう】 • ① to differ (from), to vary ② to not be in the usual condition ③ to not match the correct (answer, etc.) ④ to be different from promised

⑤ 一緒【いっしょ】 • ① together ② at the same time ③ same, identical

⑤ 押す【おす】 • ① to push, to press ② to apply pressure from above, to press down ③ to stamp (i.e. a passport), to apply a seal

⑤ 過ぎ【すぎ】 • ① past, after ② too (much), over (e.g. eating)

⑤ 皆【みな】 • ① all, everyone, everybody ② everything

⑤ 皆【みんな】 • ① all, everyone, everybody ② everything

⑤ 皆さん【みなさん】 • all, everyone, everybody

⑤ ほか • other (esp. places and things), the rest

⑤ 個【こ】 • ① counter for articles ② counter for military units ③ individual

⑤ 子供【こども】 • child, children

⑤ 授業【じゅぎょう】 • lesson, class work

⑤ 初めて【はじめて】 • ① for the first time ② only after ... is it ..., only when ... do you ...

⑤ 大変【たいへん】 • ① very, greatly ② immense, enormous, great ③ serious, grave, dreadful, terrible ④ difficult, hard

⑤ 遅い【おそい】 • ① slow ② late (e.g. "late at night") ③ too late

⑤ 難しい【むずかしい】 • difficult

⑤ 猫【ねこ】 • ① cat ② shamisen ③ geisha ④ wheelbarrow ⑤ clay bed-warmer

⑤ 彼【かれ】 • ① he, him ② boyfriend

⑤ 必要【ひつよう】 • ① necessary, needed, essential, indispensable ② necessity, need, requirement

⑤ 並ぶ【ならぶ】 • ① to line up, to stand in a line ② to rival, to match, to equal

⑤ 欲しい【ほしい】 • ① wanted, wished for, in need of, desired ② (after the -te form of a verb) I want (you) to

⑤ 頼む【たのむ】 • ① to request, to beg, to ask ② to call, to order, to reserve ③ to entrust to ④ to rely on

⑤ ころ • ① (approximate) time, around, about, toward ② suitable time (or condition) ③ time of year, season

⑤ 余り【あまり】 • ① remainder, rest, balance, remains, scraps, residue, remnant ② not very (with negative sentence), not much ③ surplus, excess, fullness, too much ④ overjoyed, overwhelmed ⑤ more than, over

⑤ ありがとう • Thank you

⑤ 良い【いい】 • ① good, excellent, fine, nice, pleasant, agreeable ② sufficient (can be used to turn down an offer), ready, prepared ③ profitable (e.g. deal, business offer, etc.), beneficial ④ OK

⑤ 良く【よく】 • ① nicely, properly, well, skillfully ② frequently, often

⑤ 達【たち】 • pluralizing suffix (esp. for people & animals; formerly honorific)

⑤ 幾ら【いくら】 • how much?, how many?

⑤ 大丈夫【だいじょうぶ】 • safe, all right, OK, okay

⑤ 沢山【たくさん】 • many, a lot, much

⑤ 誰【だれ】 • who

⑤ 僕【ぼく】 • ① I, me ② you (used addressing young children) ③ manservant

⑤ 立派【りっぱ】 • splendid, fine, handsome, elegant, imposing, prominent, legal, legitimate

⑤ 嫌【いや】 • disagreeable, detestable, unpleasant, reluctant

⑤ 良い【よい】 • ① good, excellent, fine, nice, pleasant, agreeable ② sufficient (can be used to turn down an offer), ready, prepared ③ profitable (e.g. deal, business offer, etc.), beneficial ④ OK

⑤ あそこ • ① there (place physically distant from both speaker and listener), over there, that place, yonder ② that far (something psychologically distant from both speaker and listener), that much, that point

⑤ あの • that (someone or something distant from both speaker and listener, or situation unfamiliar to both speaker and listener)

⑤ あれ • ① that (indicating something distant from both speaker and listener (in space, time or psychologically), or something understood without naming it directly) ② that person (used to refer to one's equals or inferiors) ③ hey (expression of surprise or suspicion), eh? ④ that (something mentioned before which is distant psychologically or in terms of time)

⑤ こちら • ① this way (direction close to the speaker or towards the speaker), this direction ② here (place close to the speaker or where the speaker is) ③ this one (something physically close to the speaker) ④ I, me ⑤ this person (someone physically close to the speaker and of equal or higher status)

⑤ こっち • ① this way (direction close to the speaker or towards the speaker), this direction ② here (place close to the speaker or where the speaker is) ③ this one (something physically close to the speaker) ④ I, me ⑤ this person (someone physically close to the speaker and of equal or higher status)

⑤ そして • and, and then, thus, and now

⑤ そっち • ① that way (direction distant from the speaker, close to the listener) ② there (place distant from the speaker, close to the listener) ③ that one (something close to the listener) ④ you, your family ⑤ that person (someone close to the listener)

⑤ その • ① that (something or someone distant from the speaker, close to the listener; actions of the listener, or ideas expressed or understood by the listener), the ② um..., er..., uh...

⑤ それ • ① that (indicating an item or person near the listener, the action of the listener, or something on their mind), it ② that time, then

⑤ それから • and then, after that

⑤ とても • ① very, awfully, exceedingly ② (before a negative form) (not) at all, by no means, simply (cannot)

⑤ どう • how, in what way, how about

⑤ やる • ① to do ② to have sexual intercourse ③ to kill ④ to give (to inferiors, animals, etc.) ⑤ to do for (inferiors) ⑥ to send (e.g. somebody somewhere), to dispatch (e.g. letter) (despatch) ⑦ to move (something to), to row (a boat) ⑧ (used in place of other verb) to have (eat, drink, smoke), to study, to run or operate (a restaurant)

⑤ する • ① to do ② to cause to become, to make (into), to turn (into) ③ to serve as, to act as, to work as ④ to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) ⑤ to judge as being, to view as being, to think of as, to treat as, to use as ⑥ to decide on, to choose ⑦ to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) ⑧ to be (in a state, condition, etc.) ⑨ to be worth, to cost ⑩ to pass (of time), to elapse ⑪ verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs") ⑫ creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go") ⑬ to be just about to, to be just starting to, to try to, to attempt to

⑤ ちょっと • ① just a minute, short time, just a little ② somewhat, easily, readily, rather ③ (before a verb in negative form) (will not) easily ④ hey!

⑤ いつも • ① always, usually, every time ② never (with neg. verb)

⑤ くれる • to give, to let one have, to do for one, to be given

⑤ ここ • ① here (place physically close to the speaker, place pointed by the speaker while explaining), this place ② these last (followed by a duration noun and a past sentence: time period before the present time of the speaker) ③ these next ... (followed by a duration noun and a non past sentence: time period after the present time of the speaker), the next ...

⑤ ある • ① to be (usu. of inanimate objects), to exist, to live ② to have ③ to be located ④ to be equipped with ⑤ to happen, to come about

⑤ こと • thing, matter, fact, circumstances, business, reason, experience

⑤ なる • ① to become, to get, to grow, to be, to reach, to attain ② to result in, to prove to be ③ to consist of, to be composed of ④ to succeed, to be complete ⑤ to change into, to be exchanged for ⑥ to play a role ⑦ to be promoted (shogi)

⑤ それでは • ① well then ... ② in that situation, in which case

⑤ うるさい • ① noisy, loud ② fussy ③ annoying, troublesome, tiresome, importunate ④ bossy

⑤ まずい • ① unappetising, unappetizing, unpleasant (taste, appearance, situation) ② unskillful, unskilful, bungling, clumsy ③ ugly, homely, plain, unattractive ④ awkward, untimely, inopportune, unfavorable, unwise

⑤ また • again, and, also, still (doing something)

⑤ まだ • ① as yet, hitherto, still ② not yet (with negative verb)

⑤ どこ • ① where, what place ② how much (long, far), what extent

⑤ この • this (something or someone close to the speaker (including the speaker), or ideas expressed by the speaker)

⑤ よう • ① (usu. after the -masu stem of a verb) appearing ..., looking ... ② (usu. after the -masu stem of a verb) way to ..., method of ...ing ③ (usu. after a noun) form, style, design ④ (usu. after a noun) like, similar to ⑤ thing (thought or spoken)

⑤ つける • to turn on, to switch on, to light up

⑤ そこ • ① there (place relatively near listener) ② there (place just mentioned), that place ③ then (of some incident just spoken of), that (of point just raised)

⑤ これ • ① this (indicating an item near the speaker, the action of the speaker, or the current topic) ② this person (usu. indicating someone in one's in-group) ③ now

④ あんな • such (about something or someone distant from both speaker and listener, or about a situation unfamiliar to both speaker and listener), so, that, sort of

④ うん • ① yeah, uh huh ② some (at the start of a number in place of a digit)

④ かな • ① I wonder (sentence ending prt) ② should I? (question prt when thinking out loud), is it? ③ I wish that (with a negative), I hope that

④ だから • so, therefore

④ ちゃん • suffix for familiar person

④ はっきり • clearly, plainly, distinctly

④ そろそろ • ① gradually, steadily, quietly, slowly ② soon, momentarily, before long, any time now

④ 上がる【あがる】 • ① to rise, to go up, to come up, to ascend, to be raised ② to enter (esp. from outdoors), to come in, to go in ③ to enter (a school), to advance to the next grade ④ to get out (of water), to come ashore ⑤ to increase ⑥ to improve, to make progress ⑦ to be promoted, to advance ⑧ to be made (of profit, etc.) ⑨ to occur (esp. of a favourable result) ⑩ to be adequate (to cover expenses, etc.) ⑪ to be finished, to be done, to be over ⑫ (of rain) to stop, to lift ⑬ to stop (working properly), to cut out, to give out, to die ⑭ to win (in a card game, etc.) ⑮ to be arrested ⑯ to turn up (of evidence, etc.) ⑰ to be deep fried ⑱ to be spoken loudly ⑲ to get stage fright ⑳ to be offered (to the gods, etc.) ○ to go, to visit ○ to eat, to drink ○ to be listed (as a candidate) ○ to serve (in one's master's home) ○ (in Kyoto) to go north ○ (after the -masu stem of a verb) indicates completion

④ なさい • do (imperative form often used after ~masu base of verbs)

④ ページ • page

④ 安心【あんしん】 • relief, peace of mind

④ 以上【いじょう】 • ① not less than, ... and more, ... and upwards ② beyond ... (e.g. one's means), further (e.g. nothing further to say), more than ... (e.g. cannot pay more than that) ③ above-mentioned, foregoing ④ since ..., seeing that ... ⑤ this is all, that is the end, the end

④ 意見【いけん】 • opinion, view

④ 下さる【くださる】 • to give, to confer

④ 家【うち】 • ① house, home (one's own) ② (one's) family, (one's) household

④ 会【かい】 • ① meeting, assembly, party ② association, club

④ 楽しみ【たのしみ】 • ① enjoyment, pleasure, diversion, amusement, hobby ② anticipation, looking forward to

④ 気【き】 • ① spirit, mind, heart ② nature, disposition ③ motivation, intention ④ mood, feelings ⑤ atmosphere, essence

④ 急【きゅう】 • ① urgent, sudden, abrupt ② sharp, steep, precipitous ③ rapid, swift, fast ④ emergency, crisis ⑤ hurrying, haste ⑥ (in gagaku or noh) end of a song

④ 計画【けいかく】 • plan, project, schedule, scheme, program, programme

④ 見える【みえる】 • ① to be seen, to be in sight ② to look, to seem, to appear ③ to come

④ 校長【こうちょう】 • principal, headmaster

④ 今度【こんど】 • now, this time, next time, another time

④ 子【こ】 • ① child ② young (animal) ③ young woman, young geisha ④ offshoot ⑤ interest ⑥ new shares ⑦ (after a noun or -masu stem) -er (often of young women)

④ 止める【とめる】 • ① to stop (something or someone), to turn off ② to concentrate on, to pay attention to ③ to remember, to bear in mind ④ to fix into place ⑤ to park, to leave somewhere for a time

④ 試合【しあい】 • match, game, bout, contest

④ 少年【しょうねん】 • boys, juveniles

④ 場合【ばあい】 • case, situation

④ 心【こころ】 • ① mind, heart, spirit ② the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)

④ 親【おや】 • ① parent, parents ② dealer (in cards) ③ founder ④ (pet) owner

④ 正しい【ただしい】 • right, just, correct, righteous, honest, truthful, proper, straightforward, perfect

④ 足りる【たりる】 • ① to be sufficient, to be enough ② to be worth doing, to be worthy ③ to be sufficient, to answer, to do

④ 村【むら】 • village

④ 大事【だいじ】 • important, valuable, serious matter

④ 通り【とおり】 • avenue, street, way

④ 動く【うごく】 • ① to move, to stir, to shift, to shake, to swing ② to operate, to run, to go, to work ③ to be touched, to be influenced ④ to change, to vary, to fluctuate, to waver ⑤ certain, factual ⑥ to be transferred

④ 特に【とくに】 • particularly, especially

④ 日【ひ】 • ① day, days ② sun, sunshine, sunlight ③ case (esp. unfortunate), event

④ 別【べつ】 • distinction, difference, different, another, particular, separate, extra, exception

④ 別に【べつに】 • ① (not) particularly, nothing ② separately, apart

④ 立てる【たてる】 • ① to stand (something) up, to erect (something) ② to make (a noise, a sound) ③ to put (tooth, claw, pointed object) to ④ to set (a plan, etc.), to decide (objective, schedule)

④ 行く【ゆく】 • ① to go ② to proceed, to take place ③ to die, to pass away ④ to continue

④ 行う【おこなう】 • to perform, to do, to conduct oneself, to carry out

④ 聞こえる【きこえる】 • ① to be heard, to be audible ② to be said to be, to be reputed

④ 仕方【しかた】 • way, method, means, resource, course

④ 真ん中【まんなか】 • middle, centre, center, mid-way

④ 見つかる【みつかる】 • to be found, to be discovered

④ 見つける【みつける】 • ① to discover, to find (e.g. an error in a book), to come across, to detect ② to locate, to find (e.g. something missing), to find fault ③ to be used to seeing, to be familiar with

④ 代【だい】 • ① charge, cost, price ② generation, age, reign ③ (geological) era ④ (after someone's name or title) a representative of, on behalf of, for (someone) ⑤ used after a phone number to indicate that it is a switchboard number ⑥ counter for decades of ages, eras, etc. ⑦ counter for generations (of inheritors to a throne, etc.) ⑧ proxy application company

④ 教育【きょういく】 • training, education

④ 君【くん】 • Mr (junior), master, boy

④ 形【かたち】 • ① form, shape, figure ② visage

④ 決して【けっして】 • never, by no means, decidedly, indisputably

④ 決める【きめる】 • to decide

④ 血【ち】 • blood, consanguinity

④ 湖【みずうみ】 • lake

④ お礼【おれい】 • thanking, expression of gratitude

④ 細かい【こまかい】 • ① small ② fine, minute ③ minor, trivial ④ sensitive, attentive

④ 残る【のこる】 • to remain, to be left

④ 寺【てら】 • temple (Buddhist)

④ 自由【じゆう】 • freedom, liberty, as it pleases you

④ 勝つ【かつ】 • to win, to gain victory

④ 焼く【やく】 • ① to bake, to grill ② to develop (photos) ③ to suntan ④ to burn (in flames, down, CD, DVD, etc.), to scorch ⑤ to be jealous, to be envious

④ 心配【しんぱい】 • ① worry, concern, anxiety ② care, help, aid, assistance

④ 森【もり】 • ① forest ② shrine grove

④ 深い【ふかい】 • deep, profound, thick, close

④ 申す【もうす】 • to be called, to say

④ 進む【すすむ】 • ① to advance, to go forward ② to precede, to go ahead (of) ③ to make progress, to improve ④ to deepen, to heighten ⑤ to do of one's own free will

④ 人形【にんぎょう】 • doll, puppet, figure

④ 全然【ぜんぜん】 • ① not at all (with neg. verb) ② wholly, entirely, completely

④ 点【てん】 • ① spot, mark ② point, dot ③ mark (e.g. in exam), score, points ④ counter for goods or items

④ 反対【はんたい】 • opposition, resistance, antagonism, hostility, contrast, objection, dissension, reverse, opposite, vice versa

④ 負ける【まける】 • to lose, to be defeated

④ 米【こめ】 • (husked grains of) rice

④ 無理【むり】 • unreasonable, impossible, overdoing

④ 落とす【おとす】 • ① to drop, to lose, to let fall ② to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.), to remove (e.g. stains) ③ to download

④ 決まる【きまる】 • ① to be decided, to be settled ② to look good in (clothes)

④ 全て【すべて】 • all, the whole, entirely, in general, wholly, overall

④ 案内【あんない】 • ① information, guidance, leading ② to guide, to show (around), to conduct

④ 一杯【いっぱい】 • ① amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. a cupful, spoonful, etc.), a drink (i.e. an alcoholic beverage) ② full ③ one squid, octopus, crab, etc., one boat ④ fully, to capacity ⑤ a lot, much ⑥ all of ..., the entire ...

④ 簡単【かんたん】 • simple

④ 関係【かんけい】 • relation, connection

④ 危険【きけん】 • ① danger, peril, hazard ② dangerous, hazardous

④ 季節【きせつ】 • season

④ 競争【きょうそう】 • ① competition, contest ② to compete

④ 迎える【むかえる】 • ① to go out to meet ② to receive, to welcome ③ to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family) ④ to call for, to summon, to invite ⑤ to approach (a certain time, a point in one's life, etc.)

④ 最後【さいご】 • ① last, end, conclusion ② (after -tara form or -ta form followed by "ga") no sooner than, right after (often having negative consequences)

④ 最初【さいしょ】 • beginning, outset, first, onset

④ 残念【ざんねん】 • deplorable, bad luck, regret, disappointment

④ 事故【じこ】 • ① accident, incident, trouble ② circumstances, reasons

④ 似る【にる】 • to resemble, to be similar

④ 失敗【しっぱい】 • failure, mistake, blunder

④ 捨てる【すてる】 • to throw away, to cast aside, to abandon, to resign, to break up with (someone)

④ 笑う【わらう】 • ① to laugh ② to smile ③ to sneer, to ridicule

④ 政治【せいじ】 • politics, government

④ 続ける【つづける】 • to continue, to keep up, to keep on

④ 卒業【そつぎょう】 • graduation, completion (e.g. of a course)

④ 珍しい【めずらしい】 • ① unusual, rare, curious ② new, novel ③ fine (e.g. gift)

④ 怒る【おこる】 • ① to get angry, to get mad ② to tell someone off, to scold ③ to be angular, to be square

④ 怖がる【こわがる】 • to be afraid of, to fear, to dread, to be nervous (about), to be shy (of)

④ 壁【かべ】 • ① wall, barrier ② Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)

④ 変【へん】 • ① strange, odd, peculiar, weird, curious, queer, eccentric, funny, suspicious, fishy ② unexpected ③ change ④ incident, disturbance, disaster, accident ⑤ flat (music)

④ 変える【かえる】 • to change, to alter, to vary, to convert, to revise, to amend, to transform

④ 変わる【かわる】 • to change, to be transformed, to vary, to be revised, to be different, to move location

④ 戻る【もどる】 • to turn back, to return, to go back, to recover, to rebound

④ 連れる【つれる】 • to lead, to take (a person)

④ 途中【とちゅう】 • ① on the way, en route ② in the middle of, midway

④ 怖い【こわい】 • ① scary, frightening, eerie, dreadful ② (I'm) afraid

④ 探す【さがす】 • to search (for something desired, needed), to look for

④ 周り【まわり】 • ① circumference, perimeter, edge ② surroundings, locality, neighborhood ③ rotation, circulation

④ 背【せ】 • ① back, spine ② reverse, rear side ③ height ④ ridge (of a mountain)

④ 為【ため】 • ① good, advantage, benefit, welfare ② sake, purpose, objective, aim ③ consequence, result, effect ④ affecting, regarding, concerning

④ 壊れる【こわれる】 • ① to be broken, to break ② to fall through, to come to nothing

④ 頑張る【がんばる】 • to persist, to insist on, to stand firm, to try one's best

④ 謝る【あやまる】 • to apologize, to apologise

④ 味噌【みそ】 • ① miso, bean paste ② key (main) point

④ 我々【われわれ】 • we

④ こう • ① in this way (used for something or someone close to the speaker, including the speaker himself, or for the opinions of the speaker), thus, such ② uh... (interjection used as a verbal pause)

④ もし • if, in case, supposing

④ やっぱり • also, as I thought, still, in spite of, absolutely, of course

④ おかしい • strange, funny, amusing, ridiculous

④ しまう • to finish, to close, to do something completely, to put away, to put an end to

④ すごい • ① terrible, dreadful ② amazing (e.g. of strength), great (e.g. of skills), wonderful, terrific ③ to a great extent, vast (in numbers)

④ とうとう • finally, at last, reaching a head

④ はず • ① expectation that something took place, will take place or was in some state, it should be so, bound to be, expected to be, must be ② nock (of a bow) ③ nock (of an arrow) ④ nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger) (Sumo)

④ もらう • ① to receive, to take, to accept ② to get somebody to do something (follows a verb in "te" form)

④ わけ • conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard, reason, cause, meaning, circumstances, situation

④ まま • ① as it is, as one likes, because, as ② condition, state

④ しっかり • firmly, tightly, reliable, level-headed, steady

④ なかなか • ① very, considerably, easily, readily, fairly, quite, highly, rather ② by no means (with negative verb)

④ ひどい • cruel, awful, severe, very bad, serious, terrible, heavy, violent

④ もうすぐ • very soon

③ お前【おまえ】 • ① you (masc) (formerly honorific, now sometimes derog. term referring to an equal or inferior) ② presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)

③ そっくり • all, altogether, entirely, just like, the spitting image of

③ ちゃんと • perfectly, properly, exactly

③ どうせ • anyhow, in any case, at any rate, after all, at best, at most, at all

③ のんびり • carefree, at leisure

③ まあ • you might say, Oh!, Wow!, Well!

③ やって来る【やってくる】 • to come along, to come around, to turn up

③ 何とか【なんとか】 • ① something, something or other, so-and-so ② somehow, anyhow, one way or another

③ 外れる【はずれる】 • to be disconnected, to get out of place, to be off, to be out (e.g. of gear)

③ 学ぶ【まなぶ】 • to study (in depth), to learn, to take lessons in

③ 今日は【こんにちは】 • hello, good day (daytime greeting)

③ 人間【にんげん】 • ① human being, man, person ② character (of a person)

③ 毎【ごと】 • each respectively

③ 友人【ゆうじん】 • friend

③ 食う【くう】 • ① to eat ② to live, to make a living, to survive ③ to bite, to sting (as insects do) ④ to tease, to torment, to taunt, to make light of, to make fun of ⑤ to encroach on, to eat into, to consume ⑥ to defeat a superior, to threaten a position ⑦ to consume time and-or resources ⑧ to have sexual relations with a woman, esp. for the first time

③ 分かれる【わかれる】 • ① to branch, to fork, to diverge ② to separate, to split, to divide ③ to disperse, to scatter

③ 何で【なんで】 • ① why?, what for? ② how?, by what means?

③ どうか • please, somehow or other

③ 学【がく】 • learning, scholarship, erudition, knowledge

③ そんなに • so much, so, like that

③ みたい • -like, sort of, similar to, resembling

③ 大【だい】 • ① the large part of ② big, large, great ③ approximate size, no larger than ④ -university ⑤ large (e.g. serving size), loud (e.g. volume setting)

③ 後【ご】 • after

③ 以前【いぜん】 • ago, since, before, previous

③ 以来【いらい】 • since, henceforth

③ 一体【いったい】 • ① ...the heck (e.g. "what the heck?"), ...in the world (e.g. "why in the world?"), ...on earth (e.g. "who on earth?") ② one object, one body, unity ③ one form, one style ④ one Buddhist image (or carving, etc.) ⑤ generally, in general

③ 高度【こうど】 • ① altitude, height ② advanced, high-grade, strong

③ 持ち上げる【もちあげる】 • to raise, to lift up, to flatter

③ 自ら【みずから】 • for one's self, personally

③ 質【しつ】 • quality

③ 者【もの】 • person (rarely used w.o. a qualifier)

③ 父親【ちちおや】 • father

③ 立場【たちば】 • standpoint, position, situation

③ 出会う【であう】 • to meet by chance, to come across, to happen to encounter, to hold a rendezvous, to have a date

③ 計る【はかる】 • ① to measure, to weigh, to survey, to time (sound, gauge, estimate) ② to conjecture, to infer, to surmise

③ 不【ふ】 • un-, non-, negative prefix

③ 者【しゃ】 • someone of that nature, someone doing that work

③ 元【もと】 • former, ex-

③ ところが • even so, however, still, whereupon, even though, nevertheless, on the contrary, as a matter of fact, despite

③ 委員【いいん】 • committee member

③ 加える【くわえる】 • to append, to sum up, to add (up), to include, to increase, to inflict

③ 回す【まわす】 • ① to turn, to rotate, to gyrate ② to circulate, to send around ③ to surround ④ to put something to a new use (e.g. leftovers) ⑤ (after the -masu stem of a verb) ... around (i.e. to chase someone around) ⑥ to dial (e.g. telephone number)

③ 回転【かいてん】 • rotation (usu. around something), revolution, turning

③ 他【ほか】 • other (esp. places and things), the rest

③ 期待【きたい】 • expectation, anticipation, hope

③ 逆【ぎゃく】 • ① reverse, opposite ② converse (of a hypothesis, etc.)

③ 禁止【きんし】 • prohibition, inhibition, ban

③ 計算【けいさん】 • ① calculation, reckoning, count ② forecast

③ 欠点【けってん】 • faults, defect, weakness

③ 守る【まもる】 • ① to protect, to guard, to defend ② to keep (i.e. a promise), to abide (by the rules), to observe, to obey, to follow

③ 集中【しゅうちゅう】 • concentration, convergence, centralization, integration, gathering together

③ 助ける【たすける】 • to help, to save, to rescue, to give relief to, to spare (life), to reinforce, to promote, to abet

③ 勝負【しょうぶ】 • victory or defeat, match, contest, game, bout

③ 新た【あらた】 • ① new, fresh, novel ② newly, freshly, re-

③ 神【かみ】 • god, deity, divinity, spirit, kami

③ 全【ぜん】 • all, whole, entire, complete, overall, pan-

③ 全員【ぜんいん】 • all members (unanimity), all hands, the whole crew, everyone, everybody

③ 全力【ぜんりょく】 • all one's power, whole energy

③ 相手【あいて】 • ① companion, partner, company ② other party, addressee ③ opponent (sports, etc.)

③ 太陽【たいよう】 • sun, solar

③ 体温【たいおん】 • temperature, body temperature (human, animal)

③ 対【たい】 • ① opposite, opposition ② versus, vs ③ to (i.e. "we won the game five to three") ④ equal footing, equal terms ⑤ against ..., anti-, toward ..., to ...

③ 中央【ちゅうおう】 • centre, central, center, middle

③ 調子【ちょうし】 • ① tune, tone, key, pitch, time, rhythm ② vein, mood, way, manner, style, knack ③ condition, state of health ④ impetus, spur of the moment, strain ⑤ trend

③ 長期【ちょうき】 • long time period

③ 的【てき】 • -like, typical

③ 当たり前【あたりまえ】 • ① natural, reasonable, obvious ② usual, common, ordinary

③ 能力【のうりょく】 • ability, faculty

③ 表面【ひょうめん】 • surface, outside, face, appearance

③ 秒【びょう】 • second (60th min)

③ 平ら【たいら】 • flatness, level, smooth, calm, plain, sitting tailor fashion

③ 平気【へいき】 • coolness, calmness, composure, unconcern

③ 辺り【あたり】 • ① on the bank of, by the side of (e.g. a river, pond) ② (in the) neighbourhood, neighborhood, vicinity, nearby

③ 方向【ほうこう】 • ① direction, orientation, bearing, way ② course (e.g. of action)

③ 無事【ぶじ】 • safety, peace, quietness

③ 命【いのち】 • (mortal) life

③ 明らか【あきらか】 • obvious, evident, clear, plain

③ 数【すう】 • ① several, a number of ② number, numeral, figure ③ destiny, fate ④ law

③ 協力【きょうりょく】 • cooperation, collaboration

③ 乗せる【のせる】 • ① to give (someone) a ride, to give a lift, to pick up, to help on board ② to deceive, to take for a ride

③ 勝ち【かち】 • win, victory

③ 無【む】 • ① nothing, naught, nought, nil, zero ② un-, non-

③ 内【ない】 • inside, within

③ 打付ける【ぶつける】 • to knock, to run into, to nail on, to strike hard, to hit and attack, to try (an idea) on someone

③ 偉い【えらい】 • ① great, excellent, admirable, remarkable, distinguished, important, celebrated, famous, eminent ② awful, terrible

③ 違反【いはん】 • violation (of law), transgression, infringement, breach

③ 過ごす【すごす】 • ① to pass (time), to spend ② to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption), to drink (alcohol) ③ to overdo, to do too much ④ to ... without acting on it

③ 巻く【まく】 • to wind, to coil, to roll

③ 完全【かんぜん】 • perfection, completeness

③ 管理【かんり】 • control, management (e.g. of a business)

③ 観察【かんさつ】 • observation, survey

③ 間違い【まちがい】 • mistake

③ 関心【かんしん】 • concern, interest

③ 競技【きょうぎ】 • game, match, contest

③ 偶然【ぐうぜん】 • (by) chance, unexpectedly, suddenly, accident, fortuity

③ 欠席【けっせき】 • absence, non-attendance

③ 肩【かた】 • shoulder

③ 現れる【あらわれる】 • ① to appear, to come in sight, to become visible, to come out, to embody, to materialize, to materialise ② to be expressed (e.g. emotions), to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)

③ 限り【かぎり】 • ① limit, limits, bounds ② degree, extent, scope ③ as far as possible, as much as possible, to the best of one's ability ④ unless (after neg. verb) ⑤ the end, the last

③ 限る【かぎる】 • to restrict, to limit, to confine

③ 交換【こうかん】 • exchange, interchange, switching, reciprocity, barter, substitution, replacement, clearing (of checks, cheques)

③ 刺す【さす】 • to pierce, to stab, to prick, to thrust, to bite, to sting, to pin down, to stitch, to put (a runner) out, to pole (a boat), to catch (with a line), to stick

③ 種【たね】 • ① seed, pip, kind, variety, quality, tone ② material, matter, subject, theme, (news) copy, leaven (bread) ③ cause, source, trick, secret, inside story

③ 重要【じゅうよう】 • important, momentous, essential, principal, major

③ 触れる【ふれる】 • ① to touch, to feel ② to experience, to come in contact with, to be emotionally moved (by), to perceive ③ to touch on a subject, to allude to ④ to be in conflict (with), to violate (law, copyright, etc.) ⑤ to proclaim

③ 信じる【しんじる】 • to believe, to believe in, to place trust in, to confide in, to have faith in

③ 深刻【しんこく】 • serious

③ 制限【せいげん】 • restriction, restraint, limitation, limit

③ 成績【せいせき】 • results, record, grades

③ 成長【せいちょう】 • growth, grow to adulthood

③ 絶対【ぜったい】 • ① absolutely, unconditionally ② absolute, unconditional, unmistakable ③ absoluteness

③ 相変わらず【あいかわらず】 • as ever, as usual, the same

③ 存在【そんざい】 • existence, being

③ 対象【たいしょう】 • target, object (of worship, study, etc.), subject (of taxation, etc.)

③ 袋【ふくろ】 • ① bag, sack ② skin of an orange (and other like fruits) ③ dead end ④ plot of land surrounded by water

③ 直接【ちょくせつ】 • direct, immediate, personal, firsthand

③ 底【そこ】 • bottom, sole

③ 届く【とどく】 • ① to reach, to arrive, to get through, to get at ② to be attentive, to pay attention ③ to be delivered, to carry (e.g. sound)

③ 任せる【まかせる】 • ① to entrust (e.g. a task) to another, to leave to ② to passively leave to someone else's facilities ③ to leave to take its natural course ④ to continue (something) in a natural fashion (without particular aim) ⑤ to rely fully on one's (full strength, great ability, long time taken) to get something done

③ 認める【みとめる】 • ① to recognize, to recognise, to appreciate ② to observe, to notice ③ to admit, to approve

③ 夫妻【ふさい】 • man and wife, married couple

③ 夢中【むちゅう】 • daze, (in a) trance, ecstasy, delirium, engrossment, within a (deep) dream

③ 戻す【もどす】 • to restore, to put back, to return, to give back

③ 優勝【ゆうしょう】 • overall victory, championship

③ 与える【あたえる】 • ① to give (esp. to someone of lower status), to bestow, to grant, to confer, to present, to award ② to provide, to afford, to offer, to supply ③ to assign ④ to cause ⑤ to pass (a variable to a function)

③ 裏切る【うらぎる】 • to betray, to turn traitor to, to double-cross

③ お互い【おたがい】 • mutual, reciprocal, each other

③ 隠す【かくす】 • to hide, to conceal

③ 影響【えいきょう】 • influence, effect

③ 炎【ほのお】 • flame, blaze

③ 旗【はた】 • ① flag ② pataka (banner)

③ 機嫌【きげん】 • humour, humor, temper, mood

③ 却って【かえって】 • on the contrary, rather, all the more, instead

③ 穴【あな】 • ① hole ② deficit, shortage, missing person (in a team, meeting, etc.) ③ vacancy, opening ④ flaw ⑤ profitable place (or item, etc.) not well known by others ⑥ upset victory (with a large payoff)

③ 結果【けっか】 • ① result, consequence, outcome, effect ② coming to fruition, bearing fruit

③ 結局【けっきょく】 • after all, eventually, in the end

③ 攻撃【こうげき】 • attack, strike, offensive, criticism, censure

③ 姿【すがた】 • figure, shape, appearance

③ 至る【いたる】 • ① to arrive at (e.g. a decision), to reach (a stage), to attain ② to lead to (a place), to get to

③ 種【しゅ】 • ① kind, variety ② (biological) species ③ (logical) species

③ 従う【したがう】 • to abide (by the rules), to obey, to follow, to accompany

③ 冗談【じょうだん】 • jest, joke

③ 状態【じょうたい】 • current status, condition, situation, circumstances, state

③ 審判【しんぱん】 • refereeing, trial, judgement, judgment, umpire, referee

③ 態度【たいど】 • attitude, manner, behaviour

③ 大抵【たいてい】 • ① mostly, ordinarily, usually, generally ② probably ③ most, almost all ④ (before a neg. form) ordinary ⑤ proper, appropriate, moderate

③ 第【だい】 • ordinal

③ 張る【はる】 • ① to stick, to paste, to affix ② to stretch, to spread, to strain, to tighten ③ to form (e.g. ice on a pond) ④ to fill, to swell ⑤ to stick out, to put, to slap ⑥ to be expensive

③ やつ • ① (derog) fellow, guy, chap ② thing, object ③ (derogatory or familiar) he, she, him, her

③ 答案【とうあん】 • examination paper, examination script

③ 独立【どくりつ】 • independence (e.g. Independence Day), self-support

③ 虹【にじ】 • rainbow

③ 拍手【はくしゅ】 • clapping hands, applause

③ 縛る【しばる】 • to tie, to bind

③ 秘密【ひみつ】 • secret, secrecy

③ 雰囲気【ふんいき】 • atmosphere (e.g. musical), mood, ambience, ambiance

③ 墓【はか】 • gravesite, tomb

③ 無駄【むだ】 • futility, uselessness, pointlessness

③ 模様【もよう】 • pattern, figure, design

③ 黙る【だまる】 • to be silent

③ 誘う【さそう】 • ① to invite, to ask, to call (for) ② to tempt, to lure, to induce

③ 俺【おれ】 • (masc) I, me (rough or arrogant-sounding first-person pronoun, formerly also used by women)

③ 敵【てき】 • ① opponent, rival, adversary ② menace, danger, threat, enemy

③ 避ける【さける】 • ① to avoid (physical contact with) ② to avoid (situation) ③ to ward off, to avert

③ あらゆる • all, every

③ 影【かげ】 • ① shadow, silhouette ② reflection, image ③ presence, sign ④ light (stars, moon)

③ 引っ張る【ひっぱる】 • ① to pull, to draw, to stretch, to drag ② to pull the ball (baseball)

③ 寧ろ【むしろ】 • rather, better, instead

③ 我が【わが】 • my, our, one's own

③ ぶつかる • to strike, to collide with, to bump into

③ よろしく • ① well, properly, suitably ② best regards, please remember me, please treat me favorably (favourably), please take care of

③ ごちそうさま • ① word used after one has been treated (esp. used after a meal) ② used after hearing something lovey-dovey

③ おめでとう • congratulations!, an auspicious occasion!

③ 私【あたし】 • I, me

③ ようやく • ① finally, at last ② barely, narrowly, hardly, only just ③ gradually, little by little, by degrees

③ かく • ① to scratch ② to perspire ③ to shovel, to paddle

③ わざと • on purpose

③ しゃべる • to talk, to chat, to chatter

③ すぐ • ① immediately, at once, directly ② soon, before long, shortly ③ easily, without difficulty ④ right (near), nearby, just (handy)

③ とにかく • anyhow, at any rate, anyway, somehow or other, generally speaking, in any case

③ どうしても • by all means, at any cost, no matter what, after all, in the long run, cravingly, at any rate, surely

③ ふと • suddenly, casually, accidentally, incidentally, unexpectedly, unintentionally

③ およそ • about, roughly, as a rule, approximately

③ ただ • ① ordinary, common, usual ② free of charge ③ unaffected, as is, safe ④ only, merely, just, simply ⑤ but, however, nevertheless

③ いや • no, nay, well

③ かなり • considerably, fairly, quite

③ かかる • to suffer from

③ せい • cause, reason, fault

③ つまり • in short, in brief, in other words, that is to say, in the long run, after all, blockade, stuffing, ultimate

② 見学【けんがく】 • inspection, study by observation, field trip

② 上る【のぼる】 • ① to ascend, to go up, to climb ② to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the sun), to rise ③ to go to (the capital) ④ to be promoted ⑤ to add up to ⑥ to advance (in price) ⑦ to swim up (a river), to sail up ⑧ to come up (on the agenda)

② はあ • ① yes, indeed, well ② ha! ③ what?, huh? ④ sigh

② 小【しょう】 • ① smallness, small item ② short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days) ③ elementary school ④ younger or inferior (of two items or people with the same name)

② 引き分け【ひきわけ】 • draw (in competition), tie game

② 近づける【ちかづける】 • to bring near, to put close, to let come near, to associate with

② 行事【ぎょうじ】 • event, function

② 作者【さくしゃ】 • author, authoress

② 集まる【あつまる】 • to gather, to collect, to assemble

② 転がす【ころがす】 • to roll

② 転がる【ころがる】 • to roll, to tumble

② 同時【どうじ】 • simultaneous(ly), concurrent, same time, synchronous, together

② 元々【もともと】 • originally, by nature, from the start

② 業【ぎょう】 • ① work, business ② study

② 園【えん】 • ① garden (esp. man-made), orchard, park, plantation ② place, location

② 学科【がっか】 • study subject, course of study

② 球【たま】 • ① ball (in sports) ② bulb (i.e. a light bulb)

② 教わる【おそわる】 • to be taught

② 実習【じっしゅう】 • practice, practise, training (esp. practical and hands-on), drill

② 進路【しんろ】 • ① route, course ② career, university choices, course (of future life)

② 勢い【いきおい】 • ① force, vigor, vigour, energy, spirit, life ② influence, authority, power, might ③ impetus, momentum, course (of events) ④ naturally, necessarily

② 負け【まけ】 • defeat, loss, losing (a game)

② 油断【ゆだん】 • negligence, unpreparedness

② 理科【りか】 • science

② 灰【はい】 • ash, ashes

② 車輪【しゃりん】 • (car) wheel

② 照る【てる】 • to shine

② 日程【にってい】 • schedule, program, programme, agenda

② 浮く【うく】 • ① to float ② to become merry ③ to become loose

② 物置【ものおき】 • storage room, storeroom, lumber room

② 余り【あんまり】 • ① remainder, rest, balance, remains, scraps, residue, remnant ② not very (with negative sentence), not much ③ surplus, excess, fullness, too much ④ overjoyed, overwhelmed ⑤ more than, over

② 超える【こえる】 • ① to cross over, to cross, to pass through, to pass over (out of) ② to exceed

② 採る【とる】 • ① to adopt (measure, proposal) ② to pick (fruit), to catch (insects), to take (e.g. a sample) ③ to assume (attitude) ④ to take on (i.e. hire), to engage

② 戦【せん】 • match, competition

② 果たす【はたす】 • to accomplish, to fulfill, to carry out, to achieve

② 学級【がっきゅう】 • (school) class

② 及ぼす【およぼす】 • to exert, to cause, to exercise

② ご免なさい【ごめんなさい】 • I beg your pardon, excuse me

② 綱【つな】 • ① rope ② sumo grand champion's braided belt

② 滝【たき】 • waterfall

② 但し【ただし】 • but, however, provided that

② 調整【ちょうせい】 • regulation, coordination, adjustment, tuning, modification, alteration

② 天才【てんさい】 • genius, prodigy, natural gift

② 犯す【おかす】 • ① to commit (e.g. crime), to perpetrate ② to transgress, to contravene ③ to violate, to ravish, to rape, to deflower

② 平凡【へいぼん】 • common, commonplace, ordinary, mediocre

② 本気【ほんき】 • seriousness, truth, sanctity

② 凸凹【でこぼこ】 • unevenness, roughness, ruggedness

② いったん • ① once ② for a moment, temporarily

② 癌【がん】 • cancer

② ごめん • your pardon, declining (something), dismissal, permission

② 狙う【ねらう】 • to aim at

② あくまで • to the end, to the bitter end, to the last, stubbornly, persistently, to the utmost

② ふざける • to romp, to gambol, to frolic, to joke, to make fun of, to flirt, to mess around, to screw around, to josh

② ずるい • sly, cunning, dishonest, sneaky, crafty

① ちらっと • at a glance, by accident

① ほっと • feeling relieved, (sigh of) relief

① 業【ごう】 • karma (i.e. actions committed in a former life)

① 権【けん】 • authority, right (to do something)

① 明白【めいはく】 • obvious, clear, plain, evident, apparent, explicit, overt

① 運搬【うんぱん】 • transport, carriage

① 何だか【なんだか】 • (a) little, somewhat, somehow

① 課題【かだい】 • subject, theme, task, challenge, issue, matter

① 干渉【かんしょう】 • interference, intervention

① 感触【かんしょく】 • sense of touch, feeling, sensation, texture (of food while chewing)

① 規定【きてい】 • regulation, provisions

① 技【わざ】 • technique, art

① 教訓【きょうくん】 • lesson, precept, moral instruction

① 極めて【きわめて】 • exceedingly, extremely, decisively

① 禁物【きんもつ】 • taboo, forbidden thing

① 空間【くうかん】 • space, room, airspace

① 決勝【けっしょう】 • decision of a contest, finals (in sports)

① 孤独【こどく】 • isolation, loneliness, solitude

① 誇る【ほこる】 • to boast of, to be proud of

① 悟る【さとる】 • ① to understand, to comprehend, to realize, to perceive, to sense, to discern ② to attain enlightenment

① 攻め【せめ】 • ① attack, offence, offense ② dominant partner of a homosexual relationship ③ a barrage of, a flood of

① 込める【こめる】 • to include, to put into

① 最早【もはや】 • already, now

① 作戦【さくせん】 • ① tactics, strategy ② military or naval operations

① 使命【しめい】 • mission, errand, message

① 思考【しこう】 • thought, consideration, thinking

① 事項【じこう】 • matter, item, facts

① 児【じ】 • child

① 授ける【さずける】 • to grant, to award, to teach

① 終始【しゅうし】 • ① beginning and end, from beginning to end, doing a thing from beginning to end ② consistently, the whole time

① 襲う【おそう】 • ① to attack, to assail, to make an assault, to strike, to hunt down ② to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.) ③ to make a sudden visit

① 勝手【かって】 • ① one's own convenience, one's way ② convenience or ease of use, knowledge of how to use ③ circumstances, situation (e.g. financial), environment ④ kitchen ⑤ arbitrary

① 申告【しんこく】 • report, statement, filing a return, notification

① 神聖【しんせい】 • holiness, sacredness, dignity

① 尽くす【つくす】 • ① to exhaust, to run out ② to devote, to serve (a person), to befriend ③ to do to exhaustion

① 折【おり】 • chance, suitable time

① 設置【せっち】 • establishment, institution

① 宣言【せんげん】 • declaration, proclamation, announcement

① 全滅【ぜんめつ】 • annihilation

① 操る【あやつる】 • to manipulate, to operate, to pull strings

① 調べ【しらべ】 • ① investigation, inspection, examination ② tune, note, melody

① 天【てん】 • ① sky ② heaven ③ svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth) ④ deva (divine being of Buddhism)

① 棟【とう】 • ① large building ② counter for buildings, apartments, etc.

① 得点【とくてん】 • score, points made, marks obtained, runs

① 突破【とっぱ】 • breaking through, breakthrough, penetration

① 任す【まかす】 • to entrust, to leave to a person

① 農場【のうじょう】 • farm (agriculture)

① 配慮【はいりょ】 • consideration, concern, forethought

① 伴う【ともなう】 • to accompany, to bring with, to be accompanied by, to be involved in, to be consequent upon

① 判定【はんてい】 • judgement, judgment, decision, award, verdict, determination

① 班【はん】 • group, party, section (mil)

① 扉【とびら】 • ① door, gate, opening ② title page

① 不審【ふしん】 • incomplete understanding, doubt, question, distrust, suspicion, strangeness, infidelity

① 妨害【ぼうがい】 • disturbance, obstruction, hindrance, jamming, interference

① 未熟【みじゅく】 • inexperience, unripeness, raw, unskilled, immature, inexperienced

① 名札【なふだ】 • name plate, name tag, label

① 優勢【ゆうせい】 • superiority, superior power, predominance, preponderance

① 予想【よそう】 • expectation, anticipation, prediction, forecast, conjecture

① 免れる【まぬかれる】 • to escape from, to be rescued from, to avoid, to evade, to avert, to elude, to be exempted, to be relieved from pain, to get rid of

① 言い訳【いいわけ】 • ① excuse ② explanation

① 行ける【いける】 • to look (taste, etc.) good

① よし • common reed (Phragmites australis)

① まとめ • settlement, conclusion, summary

① 返る【かえる】 • ① to return, to come back, to go back ② (after the -masu stem of a verb) (to become) extremely, (to become) completely

① 完璧【かんぺき】 • perfect, complete, flawless

① わざわざ • expressly, specially, doing something especially rather than incidentally

① 割り込む【わりこむ】 • to cut in, to thrust oneself into, to wedge oneself in, to muscle in on, to interrupt, to disturb

おい • ① hey!, oi! ② me

とき • regular (stops at every station) Jouetsu-line Shinkansen

ひっそり • quiet, still, silent, deserted

ほら • look!, look out!, look at me!

アドバイス • advice

イメージ • ① (one's) image ② (computer) image ③ artist's impression

エース • ace

カヌー • canoe

キャンプ • camp

コロニー • colony

コントロール • control

シン • thin

タイミング • timing

テント • tent

トーナメント • tournament

トップ • ① top ② top position ③ senior management, senior bureaucrat

バッティング • ① batting ② butting ③ intruding on someone else's turf ④ having a time or schedule conflict

ヒント • hint

ピラミッド • pyramid

フィールド • field

ルール • rule

か月【かげつ】 • (number of) months

今さら【いまさら】 • now (after such a long time), at this late hour (i.e. it is too late for something)

だし • festival car (float)

出来【でき】 • ① workmanship, craftsmanship, execution, finish ② grades, results, score, record ③ quality (e.g. of a crop) ④ dealings, transactions

上【うわ】 • upper, upward, outer, surface, top

万が一【まんがいち】 • if by any chance, just in case, in the worst case, lit: 10000 to 1

きゃあ • Eek!, Yipe!

バイバイ • bye-bye, good-bye

ううん • ① no ② er, well, ... ③ groan

アッ • oh, ah

ウッ • oof, ough, ulp

ちゃう • to do something completely

じゃう • to do something completely

ああ • like that (used for something or someone distant from both speaker and listener), so

わあ • ① wow! (surprise) ② yeah!, alright! (joy) ③ waah! (crying)

なんだ • What!

うむ • yea, uh huh;

そりゃ • ① very, extremely ② that is

えっ • Huh?, What's up?

ちまう • to do something completely;

外【がい】 • outside of, not covered by

しめ • (Shinto) rope used to cordon off consecrated areas or as a talisman against evil

れる • ① auxiliary verb indicating passive voice (inc. the "suffering passive") ② auxiliary verb indicating the potential form ③ auxiliary verb indicating spontaneous occurrence ④ auxiliary verb used as an honorific for others' actions

言える【いえる】 • to be possible to say, to be able to say

カード • ① card ② curd

ゴール • goal

ペース • pace

強度【きょうど】 • strength, intensity

後味【あとあじ】 • aftertaste

行使【こうし】 • use, exercise

思いっきり【おもいっきり】 • with all one's strength, with all one's heart, resignation, resolution

時間切れ【じかんぎれ】 • ① being out of time, passing the deadline ② time-out

ふり • ① pretence (pretense), show ② appearance, behaviour ③ swing, swinging ④ lacking a reservation or introduction (at a restaurant, etc.) ⑤ unsewn part of a hanging sleeve on a traditional Japanese woman's garment

真夜中【まよなか】 • dead of night, midnight

そう言う【そういう】 • such, like that, that sort of, very

体【たい】 • ① body, physique, posture ② shape, form, style ③ substance, identity, reality ④ field ⑤ counter for humanoid forms (e.g. dolls, statues, corpses, etc.)

通り【どおり】 • ① in accordance with ..., following ... ② .. Street, .. Avenue

思い【おもい】 • thought, mind, heart, feelings, emotion, sentiment, love, affection, desire, wish, hope, expectation, imagination, experience

終る【おわる】 • to finish, to end, to close

使える【つかえる】 • to be useful, to be serviceable

いろんな • various

止めどなく【とめどなく】 • endlessly, ceaselessly

待ちくたびれる【まちくたびれる】 • to get tired of waiting

早【はや】 • already, now, by this time

この世【このよ】 • this world, the present life

姉【ねえ】 • ① used after the name of someone who is an older sister figure ② used with various honorifics to mean (older) sister

お返し【おかえし】 • ① return gift, return favour (favor) ② revenge ③ change (in a cash transaction)

王朝【おうちょう】 • dynasty

家路【いえじ】 • the road home

楽勝【らくしょう】 • easy victory

みる • ① to see, to look, to watch, to view, to observe ② to look over, to look on, to assess, to examine, to judge ③ to look after, to keep an eye on, to take care of ④ to view (e.g. flowers, movie) ⑤ to try ⑥ to see that..., to find that...

守【もり】 • ① babysitting, babysitter ② protecting, keeping, keeper

守り【まもり】 • ① protection, defense, defence ② providence ③ amulet, charm, talisman

すべ • way, method, means

準決勝【じゅんけっしょう】 • semifinal (in sports)

大勢【たいせい】 • general trend, current thought

大理石【だいりせき】 • marble

中庭【なかにわ】 • courtyard, quadrangle, middle court

不能【ふのう】 • incompetency, inefficiency, impossibility, weak point, imbecility

和歌【わか】 • waka (classic Japanese poem, esp. a tanka, often 31 mora)

外側【そとがわ】 • exterior, outside

不定【ふじょう】 • uncertainty, insecurity, inconstancy, indefinite, undecided

情けない【なさけない】 • miserable, pitiable, shameful, deplorable

葉っぱ【はっぱ】 • leaf

話し相手【はなしあいて】 • person with whom to speak, someone to talk to, companion, advisor, adviser

季【き】 • season, season word or phrase (in haiku)

押し【おし】 • push, pressure, authority, audacity

告げ口【つげぐち】 • tell-tale

骨格【こっかく】 • ① skeleton, skeletal structure, build, frame, physique ② framework

再度【さいど】 • twice, again, second time

授かる【さずかる】 • ① to be awarded (e.g. a prize), to be given an award, to receive (e.g. a title) ② to be gifted or endowed (e.g. with a talent) ③ to be blessed (e.g. with a child) ④ to be initiated (e.g. into a secret)

乗り越える【のりこえる】 • to climb over, to ride across, to surmount

職権【しょっけん】 • authority, commission

吹っ飛ぶ【ふっとぶ】 • to blow off, to be blown off

政令【せいれい】 • government ordinance, cabinet order

積み重ねる【つみかさねる】 • to pile up, to accumulate

続行【ぞっこう】 • continuation, continuance, going on, resuming

銅像【どうぞう】 • bronze statue

反則【はんそく】 • foul play (sport), transgression, default, balk, irregularity

あなた • beyond, across, the other side, the distance

付与【ふよ】 • grant, allowance, endowment, bestowal, assignment, conferment

封じ込める【ふうじこめる】 • to shut in, to confine, to contain

法的【ほうてき】 • legality

防御【ぼうぎょ】 • defense, defence, safeguard, protection

なくす • ① to lose something ② to get rid of ③ to lose someone (wife, child, etc.)

友愛【ゆうあい】 • fraternity, friendship

あまりに • too much, excessively, too

関わる【かかわる】 • ① to be affected, to be influenced ② to be concerned with, to have to do with ③ to stick to (opinions)

回戦【かいせん】 • match, game

実技【じつぎ】 • practical skill

将兵【しょうへい】 • officers and men

戦法【せんぽう】 • tactics, strategy

良【りょう】 • ① good ② B grade (in an A, B, C ... system)

たま • occasional, rare

輪っか【わっか】 • ① ring, loop (of rope) ② halo (of an angel)

絶好調【ぜっこうちょう】 • in perfect form, going swimmingly

すれすれ • on the verge of, very close to, just in time, on the margin

どういう • somehow, how, in what way, why, what kind of

悪影響【あくえいきょう】 • bad influence, negative influence

悪鬼【あっき】 • evil spirit, demon, devil

円盤【えんばん】 • ① disk, discus, platter ② flying saucer

歓喜【かんき】 • delight, great joy

駒【こま】 • ① piece (in shogi, chess, etc.) ② bridge (of a violin, etc.)

繰る【くる】 • ① to reel, to wind, to spin (thread) ② to turn (pages), to flip through (a book), to leaf through (a book), to consult (a dictionary), to refer to (an encyclopedia) ③ to count (e.g. the days) ④ to open one-by-one, to close one-by-one (e.g. shutters)

決裁【けっさい】 • sanction, approval

恒例【こうれい】 • established practice, established practise, custom

皇帝【こうてい】 • emperor

錯覚【さっかく】 • ① optical illusion, hallucination ② misapprehension, delusion

次第に【しだいに】 • ① gradually (progress into a state) ② in sequence, in order, in turn

車軸【しゃじく】 • axle

消滅【しょうめつ】 • ① lapse, annihilation (physics) ② extinguishment, termination (e.g. of legal representation) ③ vanishing

清浄【せいじょう】 • pure, clean, purity

即位【そくい】 • enthronement

大器晩成【たいきばんせい】 • Great talents mature late

張り合う【はりあう】 • to rival, to compete with

帝【みかど】 • ① emperor (of Japan), mikado ② (the gates of an) imperial residence

日没【にちぼつ】 • sunset

波紋【はもん】 • ① ripple, ring on the water ② repercussions

煩悩【ぼんのう】 • ① worldly desires, evil passions, appetites of the flesh ② klesha (polluting thoughts such as greed, hatred and delusion, which result in suffering)

浮揚【ふよう】 • floating (in the air)

服従【ふくじゅう】 • obedience, submission, resignation

陛下【へいか】 • your Majesty, his (or her) Majesty

幕切れ【まくぎれ】 • fall of the curtain, last scene, end of act

めちゃくちゃ • ① absurd, unreasonable, nonsensical, preposterous, incoherent ② extreme, senseless, reckless, wanton ③ disorder, confusion, mess, wreck

面従腹背【めんじゅうふくはい】 • pretending to obey but secretly betraying (someone)

有意義【ゆういぎ】 • significant, useful, meaningful, worthwhile, valuable, of interest

揺らす【ゆらす】 • to rock, to shake, to swing

倫理【りんり】 • ethics, morals

霊【れい】 • soul, spirit, departed soul, ghost

和尚【おしょう】 • ① preceptor or high priest (esp. in Zen or Pure Land Buddhism) ② preceptor or high priest (in Tendai or Kegon Buddhism) ③ preceptor or high priest (in Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism) ④ second highest priestly rank in Buddhism ⑤ monk (esp. the head monk of a temple) ⑥ master (of one's art, trade, etc.)

いく • ① to go ② to proceed, to take place ③ to die, to pass away ④ to continue

聡明【そうめい】 • wisdom, sagacity

八丁【はっちょう】 • skillfulness

よい • ① good, excellent, fine, nice, pleasant, agreeable ② sufficient (can be used to turn down an offer), ready, prepared ③ profitable (e.g. deal, business offer, etc.), beneficial ④ OK

いい • ① good, excellent, fine, nice, pleasant, agreeable ② sufficient (can be used to turn down an offer), ready, prepared ③ profitable (e.g. deal, business offer, etc.), beneficial ④ OK

魔【ま】 • ① demon, devil, evil spirit, evil influence ② someone who (habitually) performs some (negative) act

ありったけ • all that one has, all that there is, the whole

それだけ • that much, as much, to that extent, only that, that alone, no more than that

ひび • ① crack, (skin) fissure, flaw or roughness (esp. in skin) ② chaps

夙【しゅく】 • outcasts (those from Kamakura period to the Edo period, common around the Kyoto region)

ほとんど • mostly, almost

傲慢【ごうまん】 • pride, haughtiness, arrogance, insolence, hubris

あぶる • ① to warm (i.e. one's hands over a fire), to dry ② to scorch, to broil, to toast, to grill

東瀛【とうえい】 • ① the pacific side of Japan, eastern sea ② of or about Japan

ない • ① not (verb-negating suffix; may indicate question or invitation with rising intonation) ② emphatic suffix (used after the root of an adjective)

られる • ① auxiliary verb indicating passive voice (inc. the "suffering passive") ② auxiliary verb indicating the potential form ③ auxiliary verb indicating spontaneous occurrence ④ auxiliary verb used as an honorific for others' actions