Study Set: Soseki’s \

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Soseki’s "Ten Nights of Dreams"

Intermediate/advanced vocabulary from Natsume Soseki’s "Ten Nights of Dreams." JLPT levels 0-2 only.

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1117 entries — Created by Ryan M. — Last modified: 2015-03-10 11:31:57

⑤ こんな • such (about something/someone close to the speaker (including the speaker), or about ideas expressed by the speaker), like this

⑤ さあ • come, come now

⑤ さん • ① Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms ② honorific used with occupational titles

⑤ じゃ • ① then, well, so, well then ② combination of 'de' and 'wa' particles ③ plain copula

⑤ そう • ① so, really, seeming ② (after masu stem and adj-stem) appearing that, seeming that, looking like, having the appearance of

⑤ そんな • such (about the actions of the listener, or about ideas expressed or understood by the listener), like that, that sort of

⑤ では • then, well, so, well then

⑤ でも • ① but, however, still, yet, although, even though ② even, even if ③ or something

⑤ どうも • ① thanks ② much (thanks), very (sorry), quite (regret) ③ quite, really ④ somehow ⑤ no matter how hard one may try ⑥ greetings, hello, goodbye

⑤ はい • ① yes ② OK (used to get attention prior to an utterance), okay ③ giddy-up, giddap

⑤ もう • ① already, anymore ② soon, shortly ③ more, further, other, again ④ interjection used to strengthen expression of an emotion (often exasperation)

⑤ 一【いち】 • ① one ② best in, the most (...) in (where an adjective follows)

⑤ 一つ【ひとつ】 • ① one ② for one thing (often used in itemized lists) ③ (after a noun) only ④ (with a verb in negative form) (not) even ⑤ just (i.e. "just try it")

⑤ 飲む【のむ】 • ① to drink, to gulp, to swallow ② to smoke (tobacco) ③ to engulf, to overwhelm ④ to keep down, to suppress ⑤ to accept (e.g. demand, condition) ⑥ to make light of, to conceal

⑤ 右【みぎ】 • ① right, right hand side ② afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing), foregoing, forgoing, above

⑤ 雨【あめ】 • rain

⑤ 駅【えき】 • station

⑤ 円【えん】 • ① Yen, money ② circle

⑤ 下【した】 • ① below, down, under ② bottom ③ beneath, underneath ④ just after, right after ⑤ inferiority, one's inferior (i.e. one's junior), younger (e.g. of siblings) ⑥ trade-in ⑦ preliminary, preparatory

⑤ 花【はな】 • ① flower, blossom, bloom, petal ② blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms), cherry blossom ③ ikebana ④ Japanese playing cards ⑤ beauty ⑥ (the) best

⑤ 外【そと】 • ① outside, exterior ② open air ③ other place

⑤ 休む【やすむ】 • ① to be absent, to take a day off ② to rest, to have a break ③ to go to bed, to (lie down to) sleep, to turn in, to retire ④ to stop doing some ongoing activity for a time, to suspend business

⑤ 金【かね】 • ① money ② metal

⑤ 空【そら】 • sky, the heavens

⑤ 見せる【みせる】 • to show, to display

⑤ 見る【みる】 • ① to see, to look, to watch, to view, to observe ② to look over, to look on, to assess, to examine, to judge ③ to look after, to keep an eye on, to take care of ④ to view (e.g. flowers, movie) ⑤ (usu. after the -te form of a verb) to try

⑤ 古い【ふるい】 • old (not person), aged, ancient, antiquated, stale, threadbare, outmoded, obsolete article

⑤ 五【ご】 • five

⑤ 五つ【いつつ】 • five

⑤ 午前【ごぜん】 • morning, a.m.

⑤ 後【あと】 • ① behind, rear ② after, later ③ after one's death ④ remainder, the rest ⑤ descendant, successor, heir ⑥ more (i.e. five more minutes)

⑤ 口【くち】 • ① mouth ② opening, hole, gap, orifice ③ mouth (of a bottle), spout, nozzle, mouthpiece ④ gate, door, entrance, exit ⑤ speaking, speech, talk (i.e. gossip) ⑥ taste, palate ⑦ mouth (to feed) ⑧ opening (i.e. vacancy), available position ⑨ invitation, summons ⑩ kind, sort, type ⑪ opening (i.e. beginning) ⑫ counter for mouthfuls, shares (of money), and swords

⑤ 高い【たかい】 • ① high, tall ② expensive

⑤ 今【いま】 • now, the present time, just now, soon, immediately, (one) more

⑤ 左【ひだり】 • left, left hand side

⑤ 三つ【みっつ】 • three

⑤ 山【やま】 • ① mountain ② pile, heap ③ climax, critical point ④ speculated area covered by an examination

⑤ 時【とき】 • ① time, hour ② occasion, moment

⑤ 耳【みみ】 • ① ear ② hearing ③ edge, crust ④ selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics), selvage

⑤ 七【なな】 • seven

⑤ 手【て】 • ① hand, arm ② handle ③ hand, worker, help ④ trouble, care, effort ⑤ means, way, trick, move, technique, workmanship ⑥ hand, handwriting ⑦ kind, type, sort ⑧ one's hands, one's possession ⑨ ability to cope ⑩ hand (of cards) ⑪ direction

⑤ 出す【だす】 • ① to take out, to get out ② to put out, to reveal, to show ③ to submit (e.g. thesis), to turn in ④ to publish, to make public ⑤ to send (e.g. letter) ⑥ to produce (a sound), to start (fire) ⑦ to serve (food) ⑧ to begin

⑤ 出る【でる】 • ① to go out, to exit, to leave ② to appear, to come forth, to be published ③ to answer (the phone or door)

⑤ 出口【でぐち】 • exit, gateway, way out, outlet, leak, vent

⑤ 出来る【できる】 • ① to be able (in a position) to do, to be up to the task ② to be ready, to be completed ③ to be made, to be built ④ to be good at, to be permitted (to do) ⑤ to become intimate, to take up (with somebody) ⑥ to grow, to be raised

⑤ 女【おんな】 • woman

⑤ 小さい【ちいさい】 • small, little, tiny

⑤ 少し【すこし】 • ① small quantity, little, few, something ② little while ③ short distance

⑤ 上【うえ】 • ① above, up, over ② top, summit ③ surface, on ④ before, previous ⑤ superiority, one's superior (i.e. one's elder) ⑥ on top of that, besides, what's more ⑦ upon (further inspection, etc.), based on (and occurring after) ⑧ matters concerning..., as concerns ... ⑨ since (i.e. "for that reason") ⑩ suffix indicating higher social standing

⑤ 人【じん】 • ① -ian (e.g. Italian, etc.) (attaches to name of country to denote nationality), -er (e.g. performer, etc.) (attaches to name of occupation) ② (usu. in compound words) man, person, people

⑤ 水【みず】 • water (cold, fresh)

⑤ 西【にし】 • west

⑤ 先【さき】 • ① previous, prior, former, some time ago, preceding ② point (e.g. pencil), tip, end, nozzle ③ head (of a line), front ④ ahead, the other side ⑤ the future, hereafter ⑥ destination ⑦ the other party

⑤ 千【せん】 • 1,000, thousand

⑤ 前【まえ】 • ① ago, before (some event), previously, (minutes) to (the hour) ② in front (of), before (e.g. the house) ③ head (of a line), front (e.g. of a bus), fore part ④ in the presence of ⑤ helping, portion ⑥ privates, private parts

⑤ 足【あし】 • ① foot ② leg ③ gait ④ pace

⑤ 大人【おとな】 • adult

⑤ 男【おとこ】 • man

⑤ 中【なか】 • ① inside, in ② among, within ③ center (centre), middle ④ during, while

⑤ 長い【ながい】 • ① long (distance) ② long (time), lengthy

⑤ 電車【でんしゃ】 • (electric) train

⑤ 東【ひがし】 • east

⑤ 道【みち】 • ① road, street, way, path, course, route, lane ② distance, ways (e.g. "a long ways") ③ the way (of proper conduct, etc.), one's way, morals ④ teachings (esp. Confucian or Buddhist), dogma ⑤ field (of medicine, etc.), subject ⑥ way, method, means

⑤ 読む【よむ】 • to read

⑤ 二【に】 • two

⑤ 二つ【ふたつ】 • two

⑤ 入る【はいる】 • ① to enter ② to break into ③ to join, to enroll ④ to contain, to hold, to accommodate ⑤ to have (an income of)

⑤ 入れる【いれる】 • ① to put in, to let in, to take in, to bring in, to insert, to set (a jewel, etc.) ② to admit, to accept, to employ, to hire ③ to accept, to comply, to grant, to adopt (a policy, etc.), to take (advice, etc.), to listen to, to pay attention to ④ to include ⑤ to pay (one's rent, etc.) ⑥ to cast (a vote) ⑦ to make (tea, coffee, etc.) ⑧ to turn on (a switch, etc.) ⑨ to send (a fax), to call

⑤ 年【とし】 • ① year ② age

⑤ 買う【かう】 • ① to buy ② to value, to have a high opinion ③ to stir, to provoke

⑤ 白い【しろい】 • white

⑤ 半【はん】 • half, semi-

⑤ 百【ひゃく】 • 100, hundred

⑤ 父【ちち】 • father

⑤ 分【ふん】 • minute

⑤ 悪い【わるい】 • ① bad, poor, inferior ② evil, sinful ③ unprofitable, unbeneficial ④ at fault, to blame, in the wrong ⑤ sorry

⑤ 暗い【くらい】 • ① dark, gloomy ② dark (in colour), dull ③ depressed, dispirited ④ sorrowful, bitter (as in a dark past) ⑤ unclear, unfamiliar, unknown

⑤ 意味【いみ】 • meaning, significance

⑤ 引く【ひく】 • ① to pull ② to draw (attention, etc.), to attract (interest, etc.) ③ to draw back ④ to draw (a card) ⑤ to draw (plan, line, etc.) ⑥ to catch (cold) ⑦ to play (string instr.) ⑧ to look up (e.g. dictionary), to consult ⑨ to haul, to pull (vehicles) ⑩ to subtract ⑪ to ebb, to fade ⑫ to descend (from), to inherit (a characteristic) ⑬ to quote, to raise (as evidence) ⑭ to lay (a cable), to draw (a cable)

⑤ 遠い【とおい】 • far, distant

⑤ 家【いえ】 • ① house, residence, dwelling ② family, household ③ lineage, family name

⑤ 回【かい】 • ① counter for occurrences ② counter for innings (baseball)

⑤ 海【うみ】 • sea, beach

⑤ 開ける【あける】 • ① to open (a door, etc.), to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package) ② to open (for business, etc.)

⑤ 寒い【さむい】 • ① cold (e.g. weather) ② dull, uninteresting, lame

⑤ 顔【かお】 • face (person)

⑤ 帰る【かえる】 • ① to return, to come home, to go home, to go back ② (of a guest, customer, etc.) to leave ③ (of a baseball player rounding the bases) to get home

⑤ 強い【つよい】 • ① strong, powerful, mighty, potent ② resistant, resilient, durable

⑤ 教える【おしえる】 • to teach, to inform, to instruct

⑤ 近い【ちかい】 • near, close, short (distance)

⑤ 軽い【かるい】 • ① light (i.e. not heavy), feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily) ② light (i.e. of foot), nimble, agile ③ non-serious, minor, unimportant, trivial ④ slight, small, gentle, soft ⑤ easy, simple ⑥ indiscriminate

⑤ 月【つき】 • ① moon ② month

⑤ 広い【ひろい】 • spacious, vast, wide

⑤ 考える【かんがえる】 • to consider, to think about

⑤ 黒【くろ】 • ① black ② dark ③ bad guy, 'black hat'

⑤ 黒い【くろい】 • ① black ② dark ③ illicit, wicked, underground

⑤ 有る【ある】 • ① to be (usu. of inanimate objects), to exist, to live ② to have ③ to be located ④ to be equipped with ⑤ to happen, to come about

⑤ 使う【つかう】 • ① to use (a thing, method, etc.), to make use of, to put to use ② to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.), to employ, to handle, to manage, to manipulate ③ to use (time, money, etc.), to spend, to consume ④ to use (language), to speak ⑤ to take (one's lunch), to circulate (bad money)

⑤ 死ぬ【しぬ】 • to die

⑤ 私【わたし】 • ① I, me ② private affairs, personal matter, secrecy ③ selfishness

⑤ 持つ【もつ】 • ① to hold, to carry ② to possess

⑤ 時計【とけい】 • watch, clock, timepiece

⑤ 自転車【じてんしゃ】 • bicycle

⑤ 自分【じぶん】 • ① myself, yourself, oneself, himself, herself ② I, me

⑤ 重い【おもい】 • ① heavy, massive ② serious, important, severe, oppressed

⑤ 始め【はじめ】 • beginning, start, origin

⑤ 所【ところ】 • ① place, spot, scene, site ② address ③ district, area, locality ④ one's house ⑤ point ⑥ part ⑦ space, room ⑧ whereupon, as a result ⑨ (after present form of a verb) about to, on the verge of

⑤ 乗る【のる】 • ① to get on, to ride in, to board, to mount, to get up on ② to spread (paints), to be taken in ③ to share in, to join, to feel like doing, to be mentioned in, to be in harmony with ④ to appear (in print), to be recorded, to be found in (a dictionary)

⑤ 色【いろ】 • ① colour, color ② complexion ③ appearance, look ④ love, lust, sensuality, love affair, lover ⑤ kind, type, variety

⑤ 新しい【あたらしい】 • new

⑤ 声【こえ】 • voice

⑤ 青【あお】 • ① blue ② green ③ green light ④ black (horse coat color) ⑤ immature, unripe, young

⑤ 青い【あおい】 • ① blue, green ② pale ③ unripe, inexperienced

⑤ 赤い【あかい】 • ① red ② Red (i.e. communist)

⑤ 切る【きる】 • ① to cut (usu. to cut through) ② to sever (connections, ties) ③ to turn off (i.e. the light) ④ to terminate (i.e. a conversation), to hang up (the phone), to disconnect ⑤ to punch (a ticket), to tear off (a stub) ⑥ to open (something sealed) ⑦ to start ⑧ to set (a limit) ⑨ to reduce, to decrease, to discount ⑩ to shake off (water, etc.), to let drip-dry (or drain) ⑪ to cross ⑫ to do (something noticeable) ⑬ to turn (a vehicle) ⑭ to cut (the ball) ⑮ to shuffle (cards) ⑯ to trump ⑰ (in Go) to isolate (an opponent's stone) ⑱ (after the -masu stem of a verb) to finish, to complete

⑤ 洗う【あらう】 • ① to wash ② to investigate

⑤ 早い【はやい】 • ① fast, quick, hasty, brisk ② early (in the day, etc.), premature ③ (too) soon, not yet, (too) early ④ easy, simple, quick

⑤ 多い【おおい】 • many, numerous

⑤ 太い【ふとい】 • ① fat, thick ② deep (of a voice) ③ daring, shameless, brazen

⑤ 待つ【まつ】 • ① to wait ② to await, to look forward to, to anticipate ③ (usu. in negative form) to depend on, to need

⑤ 大きな【おおきな】 • big, large, great

⑤ 知る【しる】 • to know, to understand, to be acquainted with, to feel

⑤ 池【いけ】 • pond

⑤ 着く【つく】 • ① to arrive at, to reach ② to sit on, to sit at (e.g. the table)

⑤ 着る【きる】 • ① to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down), to put on ② to bear (guilt, etc.)

⑤ 鳥【とり】 • ① bird ② bird meat (esp. chicken meat), fowl, poultry

⑤ 度【ど】 • ① degree (angle, temperature, scale, etc.) ② counter for occurrences and times ③ strength (of alcohol)

⑤ 答える【こたえる】 • to answer, to reply

⑤ 肉【にく】 • ① flesh ② meat ③ the physical body (as opposed to the spirit) ④ thickness ⑤ ink pad

⑤ 売る【うる】 • to sell

⑤ 風【かぜ】 • wind, breeze

⑤ 物【もの】 • ① thing, object ② the natural thing, a frequently done thing ③ used to express emotional involvement ④ used in giving a reason

⑤ 一番【いちばん】 • ① best, first, number one ② game, round, bout, fall, event (in a meet)

⑤ 横【よこ】 • ① horizontal (as opposed to vertical), lying down ② side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back), width, breadth ③ side (of a box, etc.) ④ beside, aside, next to ⑤ unconnected

⑤ 黄色い【きいろい】 • yellow

⑤ 絵【え】 • picture, drawing, painting, sketch

⑤ 橋【はし】 • bridge

⑤ 言葉【ことば】 • ① language, dialect ② word, words, phrase, term, expression, remark ③ speech, (manner of) speaking

⑤ 向こう【むこう】 • ① opposite side, other side, opposite direction ② over there, that way, far away, beyond ③ the other party, the other person ④ future (starting now)

⑤ 細い【ほそい】 • thin, slender, fine

⑤ 皿【さら】 • ① plate, dish, platter, disc ② serving, helping, course ③ kanji radical 108 (at the bottom)

⑤ 歯【は】 • tooth

⑤ 次【つぎ】 • ① next, following, subsequent ② stage, station

⑤ 取る【とる】 • ① to take, to pick up, to harvest, to earn, to choose ② to steal ③ to eat, to have (a meal) ④ to remove (one's glasses, etc.)

⑤ 酒【さけ】 • alcohol, sake

⑤ 晴れ【はれ】 • ① clear weather ② public, formal ③ cleared of suspicion

⑤ 飛ぶ【とぶ】 • to fly, to soar

⑤ 庭【にわ】 • garden

⑤ 鼻【はな】 • nose

⑤ 部屋【へや】 • ① room ② sumo stable

⑤ 辺【へん】 • ① area, vicinity ② side (of triangle, rectangle, etc.) ③ circumstances

⑤ 一緒【いっしょ】 • ① together ② at the same time ③ same, identical

⑤ 皆【みんな】 • ① all, everyone, everybody ② everything

⑤ 階段【かいだん】 • stairs, stairway, staircase

⑤ ほか • other (esp. places and things), the rest

⑤ 覚える【おぼえる】 • ① to remember, to recollect, to memorize, to memorise ② to feel

⑤ 吸う【すう】 • ① to smoke, to breathe in, to inhale ② to suck, to sip, to slurp ③ to absorb, to soak up ④ to kiss

⑤ 個【こ】 • ① counter for articles ② counter for military units ③ individual

⑤ 呼ぶ【よぶ】 • ① to call out (to), to call, to invoke ② to summon (a doctor, etc.) ③ to invite ④ to designate, to name, to brand ⑤ to garner (support, etc.), to gather

⑤ 厚い【あつい】 • ① thick, deep, heavy ② kind, cordial, hospitable, warm, faithful ③ serious (of an illness) ④ abundant

⑤ 降る【ふる】 • to precipitate, to fall (e.g. rain)

⑤ 歳【さい】 • ① -years-old ② ability, gift, talent, aptitude, genius

⑤ 子供【こども】 • child, children

⑤ 若い【わかい】 • young

⑤ 寝る【ねる】 • ① to lie down ② to go to bed, to lie in bed ③ to sleep (lying down) ④ to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse) ⑤ to lie idle

⑤ 吹く【ふく】 • ① to blow (wind, etc.), to play a wind instrument ② to emit, to spout ③ to whistle

⑤ 静か【しずか】 • quiet, peaceful

⑤ 窓【まど】 • window

⑤ 大変【たいへん】 • ① very, greatly ② immense, enormous, great ③ serious, grave, dreadful, terrible ④ difficult, hard

⑤ 置く【おく】 • ① to put, to place ② to leave (behind) ③ to do something in advance (usu. following te-form verb)

⑤ 遅い【おそい】 • ① slow ② late (e.g. "late at night") ③ too late

⑤ 痛い【いたい】 • ① painful, sore ② exceeding

⑤ 渡す【わたす】 • ① to ferry across (a river, etc.), to carry across, to traverse ② to lay across, to build across ③ to hand over, to hand in, to pass, to give, to transfer

⑤ 熱い【あつい】 • hot (thing)

⑤ 薄い【うすい】 • ① thin ② pale, light ③ watery, dilute, sparse ④ weak (taste, etc.) ⑤ slim (probability, etc.), small

⑤ 晩【ばん】 • ① evening ② counter for nights

⑤ 彼【かれ】 • ① he, him ② boyfriend

⑤ 必要【ひつよう】 • ① necessary, needed, essential, indispensable ② necessity, need, requirement

⑤ 並べる【ならべる】 • ① to line up, to set up ② to enumerate, to itemize

⑤ 椅子【いす】 • ① chair ② post, office, position

⑤ 幾ら【いくら】 • how much?, how many?

⑤ 嫌い【きらい】 • ① dislike, hate ② suspicion, tendency, smack (of)

⑤ 撮る【とる】 • to take (a photo), to make (a film)

⑤ 傘【かさ】 • umbrella, parasol

⑤ 大丈夫【だいじょうぶ】 • safe, all right, OK, okay

⑤ 沢山【たくさん】 • many, a lot, much

⑤ 脱ぐ【ぬぐ】 • to take off (clothes, shoes, etc.), to undress

⑤ 誰【だれ】 • who

⑤ あの • that (someone or something distant from both speaker and listener, or situation unfamiliar to both speaker and listener)

⑤ あれ • ① that (indicating something distant from both speaker and listener (in space, time or psychologically), or something understood without naming it directly) ② that person (used to refer to one's equals or inferiors) ③ hey (expression of surprise or suspicion), eh? ④ that (something mentioned before which is distant psychologically or in terms of time)

⑤ その • ① that (something or someone distant from the speaker, close to the listener; actions of the listener, or ideas expressed or understood by the listener), the ② um..., er..., uh...

⑤ それ • ① that (indicating an item or person near the listener, the action of the listener, or something on their mind), it ② that time, then

⑤ それから • and then, after that

⑤ つまらない • ① dull, uninteresting, boring ② insignificant, trifling

⑤ どう • how, in what way, how about

⑤ どれ • ① which (of three or more) ② whichever, any ③ well, now, let me see

⑤ やる • ① to do ② to have sexual intercourse ③ to kill ④ to give (to inferiors, animals, etc.) ⑤ to do for (inferiors) ⑥ to send (e.g. somebody somewhere), to dispatch (e.g. letter) (despatch) ⑦ to move (something to), to row (a boat) ⑧ (used in place of other verb) to have (eat, drink, smoke), to study, to run or operate (a restaurant)

⑤ する • ① to do ② to cause to become, to make (into), to turn (into) ③ to serve as, to act as, to work as ④ to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.) ⑤ to judge as being, to view as being, to think of as, to treat as, to use as ⑥ to decide on, to choose ⑦ to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) ⑧ to be (in a state, condition, etc.) ⑨ to be worth, to cost ⑩ to pass (of time), to elapse ⑪ verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs") ⑫ creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go") ⑬ to be just about to, to be just starting to, to try to, to attempt to

⑤ ちょっと • ① just a minute, short time, just a little ② somewhat, easily, readily, rather ③ (before a verb in negative form) (will not) easily ④ hey!

⑤ いつ • when, how soon

⑤ いくつ • ① how many? ② how old?

⑤ くれる • to give, to let one have, to do for one, to be given

⑤ ここ • ① here (place physically close to the speaker, place pointed by the speaker while explaining), this place ② these last (followed by a duration noun and a past sentence: time period before the present time of the speaker) ③ these next ... (followed by a duration noun and a non past sentence: time period after the present time of the speaker), the next ...

⑤ ある • ① to be (usu. of inanimate objects), to exist, to live ② to have ③ to be located ④ to be equipped with ⑤ to happen, to come about

⑤ こと • thing, matter, fact, circumstances, business, reason, experience

⑤ なる • ① to become, to get, to grow, to be, to reach, to attain ② to result in, to prove to be ③ to consist of, to be composed of ④ to succeed, to be complete ⑤ to change into, to be exchanged for ⑥ to play a role ⑦ to be promoted (shogi)

⑤ どうして • why?, for what reason, how, in what way, for what purpose, what for

⑤ あっち • ① that way (direction distant from both speaker and listener), over there, yonder ② that one (something physically distant from both speaker and listener, or something not visible but known by both speaker and listener), that ③ that person (someone physically distant from both speaker and listener, or someone not present but known by both speaker and listener) ④ there (place distant from both speaker and listener), over there, foreign country (esp. a Western nation)

⑤ しかし • however, but

④ うん • ① yeah, uh huh ② some (at the start of a number in place of a digit)

④ けれども • but, however, although

④ さっき • some time ago

④ だから • so, therefore

④ はっきり • clearly, plainly, distinctly

④ 上がる【あがる】 • ① to rise, to go up, to come up, to ascend, to be raised ② to enter (esp. from outdoors), to come in, to go in ③ to enter (a school), to advance to the next grade ④ to get out (of water), to come ashore ⑤ to increase ⑥ to improve, to make progress ⑦ to be promoted, to advance ⑧ to be made (of profit, etc.) ⑨ to occur (esp. of a favourable result) ⑩ to be adequate (to cover expenses, etc.) ⑪ to be finished, to be done, to be over ⑫ (of rain) to stop, to lift ⑬ to stop (working properly), to cut out, to give out, to die ⑭ to win (in a card game, etc.) ⑮ to be arrested ⑯ to turn up (of evidence, etc.) ⑰ to be deep fried ⑱ to be spoken loudly ⑲ to get stage fright ⑳ to be offered (to the gods, etc.) ○ to go, to visit ○ to eat, to drink ○ to be listed (as a candidate) ○ to serve (in one's master's home) ○ (in Kyoto) to go north ○ (after the -masu stem of a verb) indicates completion

④ 安心【あんしん】 • relief, peace of mind

④ 以外【いがい】 • with the exception of, excepting

④ 遠く【とおく】 • far away, distant, at a distance, distant place, by far

④ 下げる【さげる】 • to hang, to lower, to move back, to wear, to dismiss, to grant

④ 下さる【くださる】 • to give, to confer

④ 家【うち】 • ① house, home (one's own) ② (one's) family, (one's) household

④ 火【ひ】 • fire, flame, blaze

④ 開く【ひらく】 • ① to open (e.g. a bank-account, festival, etc.) ② to spread out, to open up (flower bud, umbrella, etc.), to widen (gap, distance, width) ③ to hold, to give (party, conference, etc.)

④ 帰り【かえり】 • return, coming back

④ 気【き】 • ① spirit, mind, heart ② nature, disposition ③ motivation, intention ④ mood, feelings ⑤ atmosphere, essence

④ 急【きゅう】 • ① urgent, sudden, abrupt ② sharp, steep, precipitous ③ rapid, swift, fast ④ emergency, crisis ⑤ hurrying, haste ⑥ (in gagaku or noh) end of a song

④ 急ぐ【いそぐ】 • to hurry, to rush, to hasten, to make something happen sooner

④ 見える【みえる】 • ① to be seen, to be in sight ② to look, to seem, to appear ③ to come

④ 見物【けんぶつ】 • sightseeing, sightseer, watching, watcher

④ 合う【あう】 • ① to come together, to merge, to unite, to meet ② to fit, to match, to suit, to agree with, to be correct ③ to be profitable, to be equitable ④ (after the -masu stem of a verb) to do ... to each other, to do ... together

④ 今度【こんど】 • now, this time, next time, another time

④ 今夜【こんや】 • this evening, tonight

④ 始める【はじめる】 • ① to start, to begin, to commence, to initiate, to originate ② to open (e.g. a store), to start up, to establish (business. etc.) ③ to start (doing something), to begin to ...

④ 子【こ】 • ① child ② young (animal) ③ young woman, young geisha ④ offshoot ⑤ interest ⑥ new shares ⑦ (after a noun or -masu stem) -er (often of young women)

④ 思い出す【おもいだす】 • to recall, to remember

④ 上手い【うまい】 • ① skillful, clever, expert, wise, successful ② delicious, appetizing, appetising ③ fortunate, splendid, promising

④ 止む【やむ】 • to cease, to stop, to be over

④ 字【じ】 • ① character (i.e. kanji) ② hand-writing, penmanship ③ the ... word (i.e. "the L word" = "love")

④ 時代【じだい】 • ① period, epoch, era, age ② the times, those days ③ oldness, ancientness, antiquity ④ antique, period piece

④ 心【こころ】 • ① mind, heart, spirit ② the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)

④ 親【おや】 • ① parent, parents ② dealer (in cards) ③ founder ④ (pet) owner

④ 生きる【いきる】 • to live, to exist

④ 大事【だいじ】 • important, valuable, serious matter

④ 着物【きもの】 • ① clothing, clothes ② kimono (or other trad. Japanese clothing)

④ 通り【とおり】 • avenue, street, way

④ 通る【とおる】 • to pass (by), to go through, to walk along, to pass exams, to attend (e.g. school)

④ 動く【うごく】 • ① to move, to stir, to shift, to shake, to swing ② to operate, to run, to go, to work ③ to be touched, to be influenced ④ to change, to vary, to fluctuate, to waver ⑤ certain, factual ⑥ to be transferred

④ 日【ひ】 • ① day, days ② sun, sunshine, sunlight ③ case (esp. unfortunate), event

④ 泣く【なく】 • to cry, to weep, to sob, to howl

④ 教育【きょういく】 • training, education

④ 君【くん】 • Mr (junior), master, boy

④ 決して【けっして】 • never, by no means, decidedly, indisputably

④ 血【ち】 • blood, consanguinity

④ 光【ひかり】 • light

④ 光る【ひかる】 • to shine, to glitter, to be bright

④ 坂【さか】 • slope, hill

④ 参る【まいる】 • ① to go, to come, to call ② to be defeated, to collapse, to die ③ to be annoyed, to be nonplussed ④ to be madly in love ⑤ to visit (shrine, grave)

④ 残る【のこる】 • to remain, to be left

④ 寺【てら】 • temple (Buddhist)

④ 拾う【ひろう】 • to pick up, to find, to gather

④ 心配【しんぱい】 • ① worry, concern, anxiety ② care, help, aid, assistance

④ 森【もり】 • ① forest ② shrine grove

④ 深い【ふかい】 • deep, profound, thick, close

④ 進む【すすむ】 • ① to advance, to go forward ② to precede, to go ahead (of) ③ to make progress, to improve ④ to deepen, to heighten ⑤ to do of one's own free will

④ 星【ほし】 • ① star, any light-emitting (or reflecting) heavenly body (except for the sun and the moon) ② suspect (police slang)

④ 製【せい】 • -made, make

④ 昔【むかし】 • olden days, former

④ 石【いし】 • ① stone ② gem, jewel

④ 草【くさ】 • grass

④ 打つ【うつ】 • ① to hit (something inanimate), to strike, to beat (on something) ② to type, to tap (e.g. a key) ③ to inject ④ to indulge in gambling ⑤ to visit (on a pilgrimage)

④ 点【てん】 • ① spot, mark ② point, dot ③ mark (e.g. in exam), score, points ④ counter for goods or items

④ 投げる【なげる】 • ① to throw, to cast away ② to face defeat, to give up

④ 道具【どうぐ】 • implement, tool, means

④ 倍【ばい】 • ① twice, double ② times, -fold

④ 悲しい【かなしい】 • sad, sorrowful

④ 文化【ぶんか】 • ① culture, civilization, civilisation ② Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)

④ 米【こめ】 • (husked grains of) rice

④ 過ぎる【すぎる】 • ① to pass through, to pass by, to go beyond ② to pass (i.e. of time), to elapse ③ to have expired, to have ended, to be over ④ to exceed, to surpass, to be above ⑤ to be no more than ... ⑥ (often used after adjective stems or the -masu stems of verbs) to be excessive, to be too much, to be too ...

④ 掛ける【かける】 • ① to hang (e.g. picture), to hoist (e.g. sail), to raise (e.g. flag) ② to sit ③ to be partway (verb), to begin (but not complete) ④ to take (time, money), to expend (money, time, etc.) ⑤ to make (a call) ⑥ to multiply ⑦ to secure (e.g. lock) ⑧ to put on (glasses, etc.) ⑨ to cover ⑩ to burden someone ⑪ to apply (insurance) ⑫ to turn on (an engine, etc.), to set (a dial, an alarm clock, etc.) ⑬ to put an effect (spell, anaesthetic, etc.) on ⑭ to hold an emotion for (pity, hope, etc.) ⑮ to bind ⑯ to pour (or sprinkle, spray, etc.) onto ⑰ to argue (in court), to deliberate (in a meeting), to present (e.g. idea to a conference, etc.) ⑱ to increase further ⑲ to catch (in a trap, etc.) ⑳ to set atop ○ to erect (a makeshift building) ○ to hold (a play, festival, etc.) ○ (after -masu stem of verb) indicates (verb) is being directed to (someone)

④ 危険【きけん】 • ① danger, peril, hazard ② dangerous, hazardous

④ 寄る【よる】 • to visit, to drop in, to approach

④ 祈る【いのる】 • to pray, to wish

④ 隅【すみ】 • corner, nook, recess

④ 差し上げる【さしあげる】 • ① to give, to offer ② to lift up, to hold up, to raise

④ 最後【さいご】 • ① last, end, conclusion ② (after -tara form or -ta form followed by "ga") no sooner than, right after (often having negative consequences)

④ 枝【えだ】 • branch, bow, bough, twig, limb

④ 捨てる【すてる】 • to throw away, to cast aside, to abandon, to resign, to break up with (someone)

④ 習慣【しゅうかん】 • custom, habit, manners

④ 笑う【わらう】 • ① to laugh ② to smile ③ to sneer, to ridicule

④ 畳【たたみ】 • tatami mat (Japanese straw floor coverings)

④ 触る【さわる】 • to touch, to feel

④ 折る【おる】 • to break, to fold, to pick flowers

④ 折れる【おれる】 • to break, to be folded, to give in, to turn (a corner)

④ 戦争【せんそう】 • war

④ 続く【つづく】 • ① to continue, to last, to go on ② to be unbroken ③ to occur again and again ④ to lead to, to connect to

④ 塗る【ぬる】 • to paint, to plaster, to lacquer, to varnish, to spread, to smear

④ 土産【みやげ】 • present, souvenir

④ 怒る【おこる】 • ① to get angry, to get mad ② to tell someone off, to scold ③ to be angular, to be square

④ 倒れる【たおれる】 • ① to fall, to collapse, to drop, to fall senseless ② to be forced to bed (by illness, etc.) ③ to die ④ to go bankrupt, to be ruined, to have a bad debt ⑤ to be defeated (in a game) ⑥ to fall (of governments, dictators, etc.)

④ 逃げる【にげる】 • to escape, to run away

④ 曇る【くもる】 • to become cloudy, to become dim

④ 熱【ねつ】 • fever, temperature

④ 背中【せなか】 • back (of body)

④ 髪【かみ】 • hair (on the head)

④ 夫【おっと】 • husband

④ 布団【ふとん】 • ① futon (quilted Japanese-style mattress laid out on the floor) ② round cushion used for Zen meditation (traditionally made of woven bulrush leaves)

④ 普通【ふつう】 • ① general, ordinary, usual ② normally, generally, usually ③ train that stops at every station

④ 払う【はらう】 • ① to pay ② to brush, to wipe

④ 変【へん】 • ① strange, odd, peculiar, weird, curious, queer, eccentric, funny, suspicious, fishy ② unexpected ③ change ④ incident, disturbance, disaster, accident ⑤ flat (music)

④ 挨拶【あいさつ】 • ① greeting, greetings, salutation, salute ② speech (congratulatory or appreciative), address ③ reply, response ④ a fine thing to say (used as part of a sarcastic response to a rude remark) ⑤ (orig. meaning) dialoging (with another Zen practitioner to ascertain their level of enlightenment)

④ 為【ため】 • ① good, advantage, benefit, welfare ② sake, purpose, objective, aim ③ consequence, result, effect ④ affecting, regarding, concerning

④ 一生懸命【いっしょうけんめい】 • very hard, with utmost effort, with all one's might, for dear life

④ 鏡【かがみ】 • mirror

④ 尋ねる【たずねる】 • ① to ask, to enquire, to inquire ② to search, to look for, to look into, to investigate

④ 是非【ぜひ】 • ① certainly, without fail ② right and wrong, pros and cons

④ 丁寧【ていねい】 • polite, courteous, careful, care, kind, close, thorough, conscientious

④ 釣る【つる】 • to fish

④ 踏む【ふむ】 • ① to step on, to tread on ② to experience, to undergo ③ to estimate, to value, to appraise ④ to rhyme ⑤ to follow (rules, morals, principles, etc.)

④ きっと • surely, undoubtedly, almost certainly, most likely (e.g. 90 percent)

④ こう • ① in this way (used for something or someone close to the speaker, including the speaker himself, or for the opinions of the speaker), thus, such ② uh... (interjection used as a verbal pause)

④ これから • after this

④ それで • and, thereupon, because of that

④ ちっとも • not at all (neg. verb)

④ もし • if, in case, supposing

④ やっぱり • also, as I thought, still, in spite of, absolutely, of course

④ やはり • also, as I thought, still, in spite of, absolutely, of course

④ ご • honourable, honorable

④ しばらく • ① little while, short while, moment, instant ② a while, quite a time ③ it's been a long time

④ しまう • to finish, to close, to do something completely, to put away, to put an end to

④ たかる • ① to gather, to crowd round, to swarm, to flock ② to extort from, to sponge off

④ すごい • ① terrible, dreadful ② amazing (e.g. of strength), great (e.g. of skills), wonderful, terrific ③ to a great extent, vast (in numbers)

④ なるほど • I see, That's right!, Indeed

④ つもり • ① intention, plan ② conviction, belief

④ ぶつ • to hit (a person), to strike, to beat

④ とうとう • finally, at last, reaching a head

④ はず • ① expectation that something took place, will take place or was in some state, it should be so, bound to be, expected to be, must be ② nock (of a bow) ③ nock (of an arrow) ④ nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger) (Sumo)

③ いらっしゃい • ① (used as a polite imperative) come, go, stay ② welcome!

③ お前【おまえ】 • ① you (masc) (formerly honorific, now sometimes derog. term referring to an equal or inferior) ② presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)

③ じっと • ① motionlessly ② fixedly (e.g. of staring) ③ patiently ④ firmly (e.g. hold), restrained

③ すると • thereupon, hereupon

③ そっと • softly, gently, quietly, secretly

③ ちゃんと • perfectly, properly, exactly

③ だって • ① after all, because ② but, however ③ even, even if ④ too, as well, also ⑤ they say, I hear, you mean

③ どっと • suddenly

③ ぼんやり • absent-minded, blockhead, dim, faint, vague

③ 下る【くだる】 • ① to descend, to go down, to come down ② to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.) ③ to pass (of time) ④ to surrender, to capitulate ⑤ (often in neg. form) to be less than, to be inferior to ⑥ to have the runs, to have diarrhea

③ 何とか【なんとか】 • ① something, something or other, so-and-so ② somehow, anyhow, one way or another

③ 金【きん】 • ① gold, golden (color), metaphor for (most) valuable, gold (medal, cup) ② money (written before an amount) ③ Friday ④ metal (fourth of the five elements) ⑤ Jin (dynasty of China; 1115-1234 CE) ⑥ gold general (shogi) ⑦ karat, carat

③ 今に【いまに】 • before long, even now

③ 今にも【いまにも】 • at any time, soon

③ 左右【さゆう】 • ① left and right ② influence, control, domination

③ 上【じょう】 • ① from the standpoint of, as a matter of (e.g. fact), in the field of, being of the type of ② aboard (a ship or vehicle), on top of, on, above ③ first volume (e.g. book) ④ superior quality, best, top, high class ⑤ going up ⑥ governmental, imperial ⑦ presenting, showing

③ 人間【にんげん】 • ① human being, man, person ② character (of a person)

③ 人気【にんき】 • popularity, popular feeling, business conditions

③ 生【なま】 • ① raw, uncooked, fresh ② natural, unedited, unprocessed, crude ③ live (i.e. not recorded) ④ inexperienced, unpolished, green ⑤ impudence, sauciness ⑥ unpasteurized beer, draft beer, draught beer ⑦ partially, somewhat, half-, semi-

③ 長【ちょう】 • chief, head

③ 土【つち】 • ① earth, soil, dirt ② the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens), the ground, the land ③ low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud) ④ (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in On'youdou)

③ 運【うん】 • fortune, luck

③ 開始【かいし】 • start, commencement, beginning, initiation

③ 楽【らく】 • comfort, ease

③ 牛【うし】 • ① cattle, cow, ox, oxen ② beef ③ Chinese "Ox" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)

③ 見事【みごと】 • ① splendid, magnificent, beautiful, admirable ② praiseworthy act, feat, commendable deed

③ 思わず【おもわず】 • unintentionally, reflexively, spontaneously, involuntarily, instinctively

③ 室【しつ】 • ① room ② Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)

③ 図【ず】 • figure (e.g. Fig 1), drawing, picture, illustration

③ 世の中【よのなか】 • society, the world, the times

③ 切れる【きれる】 • ① to cut well, to be sharp ② to break (off), to snap, to wear out ③ to be injured ④ to burst, to collapse ⑤ to be disconnected, to be out of, to expire, to sever (connections) with ⑥ to be shrewd, to have a sharp mind ⑦ to drop under (a certain figure), to beat (e.g. a time) ⑧ to flip, to lose one's temper ⑨ to be able to do completely

③ 先ず【まず】 • ① first (of all), to start with, about, almost, anyway, well, now ② hardly (with neg. verb)

③ 貸し【かし】 • loan, lending

③ 台【だい】 • ① stand, rack, table ② support ③ belt ④ counter for machines, incl. vehicles ⑤ setting (e.g. in jewellery)

③ 知らせ【しらせ】 • notice, notification

③ 度【たび】 • time (three times, each time, etc.), times

③ 動かす【うごかす】 • ① to move, to shift, to operate, to set in motion, to mobilize, to mobilise ② to inspire, to rouse, to move (e.g. feeling), to influence ③ to deny, to change

③ 発【はつ】 • ① departure, departing (from ...), departing (at time ...) ② beginning ③ issued by (e.g. document) ④ counter for gunshots, counter for blows (punches)

③ 風【ふう】 • ① method, manner, way, style ② appearance, air ③ tendency ④ folk song (genre of the Shi Jing) ⑤ wind (one of the five elements)

③ その内【そのうち】 • eventually, sooner or later, of the previously mentioned

③ ところが • even so, however, still, whereupon, even though, nevertheless, on the contrary, as a matter of fact, despite

③ 屋根【やね】 • roof

③ 額【がく】 • ① picture (framed) ② amount or sum (of money)

③ 活動【かつどう】 • action, activity

③ 感じる【かんじる】 • to feel, to sense, to experience

③ 感情【かんじょう】 • emotion, feeling, feelings, sentiment

③ 感心【かんしん】 • admiration, Well done!

③ 丸【まる】 • ① circle ② full (e.g. month, day, etc.) ③ perfection, purity ④ suffix for ship names

③ 岸【きし】 • bank, coast, shore

③ 岩【いわ】 • rock, crag

③ 苦しい【くるしい】 • painful, difficult

③ 決心【けっしん】 • determination, resolution

③ 県【けん】 • ① prefecture (of Japan) ② county (of China)

③ 向く【むく】 • ① to face ② to turn toward ③ to be suited to, to be fit for

③ 向ける【むける】 • to turn towards, to point

③ 考え【かんがえ】 • thinking, thought, ideas, intention

③ 根【ね】 • ① root (of a plant) ② root (of a tooth, hair, etc.), center (of a pimple, etc.) ③ root root (of all evil, etc.), source, origin, cause, basis ④ one's true nature ⑤ (fishing) reef

③ 事実【じじつ】 • fact, truth, reality

③ 時期【じき】 • time, season, period

③ 取れる【とれる】 • ① to come off, to be removed ② (of pain, a fever, etc.) to disappear ③ to be caught, to be harvested ④ to be interpreted (as), to be taken as ⑤ (of balance, etc.) to be attained ⑥ to be obtainable

③ 州【しゅう】 • ① state, province, county (UK), department (of ancient China) ② continent

③ 助かる【たすかる】 • to be saved, to be rescued, to survive, to be helpful

③ 商売【しょうばい】 • trade, business, commerce, transaction, occupation

③ 章【しょう】 • ① chapter, section ② medal

③ 神【かみ】 • god, deity, divinity, spirit, kami

③ 身【み】 • ① body ② oneself ③ one's place, one's position ④ main part, meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.), wood (as opposed to bark), blade (as opposed to its handle), container(as opposed to its lid)

③ 身分【みぶん】 • social position, social status

③ 正直【しょうじき】 • ① honesty, integrity, frankness ② honestly, frankly

③ 全【ぜん】 • all, whole, entire, complete, overall, pan-

③ 組む【くむ】 • ① to cross (legs or arms), to link (arms) ② to put together, to construct, to assemble, to produce (e.g. TV program) ③ to braid, to plait ④ to grapple, to wrestle ⑤ to unite, to link up, to form an alliance ⑥ to set (e.g. type) ⑦ to issue (e.g. money order)

③ 相手【あいて】 • ① companion, partner, company ② other party, addressee ③ opponent (sports, etc.)

③ 息【いき】 • ① breath, breathing ② tone, mood

③ 太陽【たいよう】 • sun, solar

③ 身体【しんたい】 • ① body ② health

③ 単に【たんに】 • simply, merely, only, solely

③ 地面【じめん】 • ground, earth's surface

③ 調子【ちょうし】 • ① tune, tone, key, pitch, time, rhythm ② vein, mood, way, manner, style, knack ③ condition, state of health ④ impetus, spur of the moment, strain ⑤ trend

③ 追う【おう】 • ① to chase, to run after, to pursue ② to follow (i.e. a set order, a trend) ③ to drive out, to oust, to expel ④ to drive (i.e. a herd) ⑤ (in passive voice) to be pressed (for time, etc.)

③ 通【つう】 • ① connoisseur, authority ② counter for letters, notes, documents, etc.

③ 当てる【あてる】 • ① to hit ② to expose ③ to apply (e.g. patch) ④ to allot, to call on someone (e.g. in class) ⑤ to guess (an answer) ⑥ to make a hit (e.g. in a lottery)

③ 内【うち】 • ① inside, within ② while ③ among, amongst, between ④ we (referring to one's in-group, i.e. company, etc.), our ⑤ my spouse ⑥ I (primarily used by women and children), me

③ 波【なみ】 • wave

③ 馬【うま】 • ① horse ② promoted bishop (shogi)

③ 番目【ばんめ】 • cardinal number suffix

③ 皮【かわ】 • ① skin, hide, pelt, fur ② rind, peel, husk, bark ③ shell, sheath, wrapping

③ 筆【ふで】 • writing brush

③ 表【ひょう】 • table (e.g. Tab 1), chart, list

③ 不幸【ふこう】 • unhappiness, sorrow, misfortune, disaster, accident, death

③ 不自由【ふじゆう】 • ① discomfort, inconvenience ② poverty, want, destitution ③ disability, impairment (physical, mental, etc.)

③ 部【ぶ】 • ① department (in an organization), division, bureau ② club ③ part, component, element ④ category ⑤ counter for copies of a newspaper or magazine

③ 辺り【あたり】 • ① on the bank of, by the side of (e.g. a river, pond) ② (in the) neighbourhood, neighborhood, vicinity, nearby

③ 愛【あい】 • love, affection

③ 違い【ちがい】 • difference, discrepancy

③ 鋭い【するどい】 • pointed, sharp

③ 煙【けむり】 • smoke, fumes

③ 奥【おく】 • interior, inner part, inside

③ 加減【かげん】 • ① addition and subtraction ② allowance for ③ degree, extent, measure ④ condition, state of health ⑤ seasoning, flavor, flavour, moderation, adjustment ⑥ influence (of the weather) ⑦ chance

③ 過去【かこ】 • the past, bygone days, the previous

③ 解く【とく】 • ① to solve, to answer ② to untie ③ to comb, to untangle (hair)

③ 害【がい】 • injury, harm, evil influence, damage

③ 汗【あせ】 • ① sweat, perspiration ② moisture, condensation

③ 願い【ねがい】 • desire, wish, request, prayer, petition, application

③ 気の毒【きのどく】 • pitiful, unfortunate, (a) pity

③ 技師【ぎし】 • engineer, technician

③ 許す【ゆるす】 • ① to permit, to allow, to approve ② to exempt (from fine), to excuse (from), to pardon, to forgive, to release, to let off ③ to confide in ④ to give up, to yield

③ 恐怖【きょうふ】 • fear, dread, dismay, terror

③ 胸【むね】 • breast, chest

③ 掘る【ほる】 • to dig, to excavate

③ 軍【ぐん】 • army, force, troops

③ 肩【かた】 • shoulder

③ 現在【げんざい】 • now, current, present, present time, as of

③ 限り【かぎり】 • ① limit, limits, bounds ② degree, extent, scope ③ as far as possible, as much as possible, to the best of one's ability ④ unless (after neg. verb) ⑤ the end, the last

③ 限る【かぎる】 • to restrict, to limit, to confine

③ 刻む【きざむ】 • to mince, to carve, to engrave, to cut fine, to chop up, to hash, to chisel, to notch

③ 腰【こし】 • ① back, lower back, waist, hips, lumbar region ② body (of hair, noodle, paper, etc.), resilience, spring

③ 骨【ほね】 • bone

③ 差す【さす】 • ① to raise (e.g. hands, umbrella), to stretch out ② to be tinged ③ to wear at one's side (e.g. sword) ④ to shine ⑤ to provoke a feeling

③ 最も【もっとも】 • most, extremely

③ 際【さい】 • on the occasion of, circumstances

③ 札【さつ】 • note, paper money

③ 殺す【ころす】 • to kill

③ 散歩【さんぽ】 • walk, stroll

③ 周囲【しゅうい】 • ① surroundings, environs ② circumference

③ 順【じゅん】 • order, turn

③ 床【ゆか】 • ① floor ② stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player) ③ dining platform built across a river

③ 照らす【てらす】 • to shine on, to illuminate

③ 賞【しょう】 • prize, award

③ 伸びる【のびる】 • ① to stretch, to extend, to lengthen, to spread ② to make progress, to grow (beard, body height) ③ to grow stale (soba) ④ to be straightened, to be flattened, to be smoothed ⑤ to be exhausted ⑥ to be postponed, to be prolonged

③ 真似【まね】 • mimicry, imitation, behavior, behaviour, pretense, pretence

③ 針【はり】 • ① needle, pin, hook ② stinger, thorn ③ hand (e.g. clock, etc.), pointer ④ staple (for a stapler) ⑤ needlework, sewing ⑥ malice ⑦ counter for stitches

③ 積む【つむ】 • to pile up, to stack, to load (car, ship, etc.), to pack

③ 跡【あと】 • ① trace, tracks, mark, sign ② remains, ruins ③ scar

③ 河【かわ】 • ① river, stream ② the .... river, (suffix used with the names of rivers)

③ 担当【たんとう】 • (in) charge (of an area of responsibility, but not necessarily supervision of staff)

③ 沈む【しずむ】 • to sink, to feel depressed

③ 通り過ぎる【とおりすぎる】 • to pass, to pass through

③ 底【そこ】 • bottom, sole

③ 得意【とくい】 • ① triumph, prosperity ② pride ③ one's strong point, one's forte, one's specialty ④ frequent customer (client, etc.)

③ 突然【とつぜん】 • abrupt, sudden, unexpected, all at once

③ 濃い【こい】 • ① deep (colour), dark ② strong (flavour, smell, etc.) ③ thick (consistency), dense ④ strong (possibility, etc.) ⑤ thick (i.e. "as thick as thieves"), close, deep (love, etc.)

③ 破産【はさん】 • bankruptcy, insolvency

③ 抜く【ぬく】 • ① to extract, to omit, to surpass, to overtake, to draw out, to unplug ② to do something to the end

③ 抜ける【ぬける】 • ① to come out, to fall out, to be omitted, to be missing, to escape ② to exit (a program loop)

③ 被る【かぶる】 • ① to wear (on head, usu. one's own), to put on (over head, usu. one's own), to crown (oneself) ② to pour or dash water, dust, etc. (on oneself) ③ to bear (e.g. someone's debts, faults, etc.) ④ to overlap

③ 非常【ひじょう】 • emergency, extraordinary, unusual

③ 瓶【びん】 • bottle

③ 不思議【ふしぎ】 • wonder, miracle, strange, mystery, marvel, curiosity

③ 付ける【つける】 • ① to attach, to join, to add, to append, to affix, to stick, to glue, to fasten, to sew on, to apply (ointment) ② to furnish (a house with) ③ to wear, to put on ④ to keep a diary, to make an entry ⑤ to appraise, to set (a price) ⑥ to bring alongside ⑦ to place (under guard or doctor) ⑧ to follow, to shadow ⑨ to load, to give (courage to) ⑩ to keep (an eye on) ⑪ to establish (relations or understanding) ⑫ to turn on (light)

③ 浮かぶ【うかぶ】 • ① to float, to be suspended ② to rise to surface ③ to come to mind, to have inspiration

③ 幅【はば】 • width, breadth

③ 服装【ふくそう】 • garments, attire

③ 腹【はら】 • ① abdomen, belly, stomach ② one's mind, one's real intentions, one's true motive ③ loop (physics) ④ counter for hard roe

③ 閉じる【とじる】 • to close (e.g. book, eyes, meeting, etc.), to shut

③ 握る【にぎる】 • to grasp, to seize, to mould sushi, to mold sushi

③ 案【あん】 • ① idea, plan, thought ② draft plan, motion, rough copy ③ expectation

③ 一斉【いっせい】 • simultaneous, all at once

③ 隠す【かくす】 • to hide, to conceal

③ 遠慮【えんりょ】 • diffidence, restraint, reserve, discretion, tact, thoughtfulness

③ 応じる【おうじる】 • to respond, to satisfy, to accept, to comply with, to apply for

③ 我慢【がまん】 • patience, endurance, perseverance, tolerance, self-control, self-denial

③ 怪我【けが】 • injury (to animate object), hurt

③ 勘定【かんじょう】 • calculation, counting, consideration, reckoning, settlement of an account, allowance

③ 堪らない【たまらない】 • ① intolerable, unbearable, unendurable ② cannot help (doing), cannot but do, anxious to do ③ tremendous, out of this world, irresistible

③ 旗【はた】 • ① flag ② pataka (banner)

③ 却って【かえって】 • on the contrary, rather, all the more, instead

③ 救う【すくう】 • to rescue from, to help out of, to save

③ 筋肉【きんにく】 • muscle, sinew

③ 穴【あな】 • ① hole ② deficit, shortage, missing person (in a team, meeting, etc.) ③ vacancy, opening ④ flaw ⑤ profitable place (or item, etc.) not well known by others ⑥ upset victory (with a large payoff)

③ 結ぶ【むすぶ】 • ① to tie, to bind, to link ② to bear (fruit)

③ 姿【すがた】 • figure, shape, appearance

③ 次第【しだい】 • ① dependent upon ② as soon as, immediately (upon) ③ circumstances ④ order, precedence, program, programme, agenda

③ 上司【じょうし】 • superior authorities, boss

③ 状態【じょうたい】 • current status, condition, situation, circumstances, state

③ 信仰【しんこう】 • (religious) faith, belief, creed

③ 唇【くちびる】 • lips

③ 振り向く【ふりむく】 • to turn one's face, to turn around, to look over one's shoulder

③ 振る【ふる】 • ① to wave, to shake, to swing ② to sprinkle, to throw (dice) ③ to cast (actor), to allocate (work) ④ to turn down (somebody), to reject, to jilt, to dump ⑤ to abandon, to give up, to ruin ⑥ to add kana indicating a reading of a word ⑦ to slightly change headings, to change directions ⑧ to extract by broiling, to prepare an infusion of, to decoct ⑨ to carry with great vigor (e.g. a portable shrine) ⑩ to bring up the main topic ⑪ to replace, to substitute ⑫ to set up a joke for somebody else

③ 舌【した】 • ① tongue ② tongue-like object, clapper (of a bell), talon (of a lock)

③ 専攻【せんこう】 • major subject, special study

③ 善【ぜん】 • good, goodness, right, virtue

③ 騒がしい【さわがしい】 • noisy

③ 態度【たいど】 • attitude, manner, behaviour

③ 大抵【たいてい】 • ① mostly, ordinarily, usually, generally ② probably ③ most, almost all ④ (before a neg. form) ordinary ⑤ proper, appropriate, moderate

③ 第【だい】 • ordinal

③ 眺める【ながめる】 • to view, to gaze at

③ 笛【ふえ】 • flute, pipe, whistle

③ やつ • ① (derog) fellow, guy, chap ② thing, object ③ (derogatory or familiar) he, she, him, her

③ 梅【うめ】 • ① plum, Japanese apricot, prunus mume ② lowest (of a three-tier ranking system)

③ 評判【ひょうばん】 • ① fame, reputation, popularity ② rumour (rumor), talk

③ 敷く【しく】 • ① to spread out, to lay out ② to take a position ③ to impose widely (e.g. over a city)

③ 癖【くせ】 • a habit (often a bad habit, i.e. vice), peculiarity

③ くっつく • to adhere to, to keep close to

③ しきりに • ① frequently, repeatedly, often, incessantly, constantly ② strongly, eagerly

③ やがて • before long, soon, at length

③ 蓋【ふた】 • cover, lid, cap

③ まるで • quite, entirely, completely, at all, as if, as though, so to speak, just like

③ ごく • ① quite, very ② quindecillion (US), octillion (Europe), 10^48

③ つながる • to be tied together, to be connected to, to be related to

③ つなぐ • to tie, to fasten, to connect, to transfer (phone call)

③ たちまち • at once, in a moment, suddenly, all at once

③ 蹴る【ける】 • ① to kick ② to refuse, to reject

③ 拭く【ふく】 • to wipe, to dry

③ 尻【しり】 • ① buttocks, behind, rump, bottom ② undersurface, bottom ③ last place, end ④ consequence

③ ついに • ① finally, at last ② (with neg) in the end

③ 鼠【ねずみ】 • ① mouse, rat ② dark gray, dark grey, slate (color, colour)

③ かく • ① to scratch ② to perspire ③ to shovel, to paddle

③ 袖【そで】 • sleeve

③ そのまま • without change, as it is (i.e. now)

③ それでも • but (still), and yet, nevertheless, even so, notwithstanding

③ そこで • so, accordingly, now, then, thereupon, therefore

③ わざと • on purpose

③ 誰か【だれか】 • someone, somebody

③ すぐ • ① immediately, at once, directly ② soon, before long, shortly ③ easily, without difficulty ④ right (near), nearby, just (handy)

③ どうしても • by all means, at any cost, no matter what, after all, in the long run, cravingly, at any rate, surely

③ 膝【ひざ】 • knee, lap

③ 紐【ひも】 • ① string, cord ② man who is financially dependent on a woman (such as a gigolo or, in the case of a prostitute, a pimp), pimp

③ ふと • suddenly, casually, accidentally, incidentally, unexpectedly, unintentionally

③ しかも • moreover, furthermore, nevertheless, and yet

② しゃがむ • to squat, to crouch

② ぴかぴか • glitter, sparkle

② 上る【のぼる】 • ① to ascend, to go up, to climb ② to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the sun), to rise ③ to go to (the capital) ④ to be promoted ⑤ to add up to ⑥ to advance (in price) ⑦ to swim up (a river), to sail up ⑧ to come up (on the agenda)

② 前【ぜん】 • ① the last (i.e. immediately preceding) (e.g. "the last mayor"), previous, one-time, former ② (before the name of an era) pre- (e.g. "premodern") ③ before, earlier

② 映る【うつる】 • to be reflected, to harmonize with (harmonise), to come out (photo), to be projected

② 金魚【きんぎょ】 • goldfish

② 写る【うつる】 • to be photographed, to be projected

② 手前【てまえ】 • ① before, this side ② one's standpoint, one's appearance ③ we ④ you

② 集まる【あつまる】 • to gather, to collect, to assemble

② 田んぼ【たんぼ】 • paddy field, farm

② 特色【とくしょく】 • characteristic, feature, idiosyncrasy, personal colour

② 真っ黒【まっくろ】 • pitch black

② 貝【かい】 • shell, shellfish

② 角【かく】 • ① angle ② square (or cube) ③ bishop (shogi) ④ third degree (of the Japanese & Chinese pentatonic scale) ⑤ Chinese "horn" constellation (one of the 28 mansions) ⑥ jiao (monetary unit of China; one-tenth of a yuan)

② 逆さ【さかさ】 • reverse, inversion, upside down

② 原【はら】 • field, plain, prairie, tundra, moor, wilderness

② 行列【ぎょうれつ】 • ① line, procession ② matrix

② 四角【しかく】 • square

② 留まる【とまる】 • ① to stop, to halt ② to remain, to abide, to stay (in the one place) ③ to come to a halt ④ to be limited to

② 留める【とめる】 • ① to stop (something or someone), to turn off ② to concentrate on, to pay attention to ③ to remember, to bear in mind ④ to fix into place ⑤ to park, to leave somewhere for a time

② 手首【てくび】 • wrist

② 消化【しょうか】 • ① digestion ② thorough understanding ③ selling accumulated (excess) products, dealing with a large amount of work ④ losing one's form and turning into something else

② 親類【しんるい】 • relation, kin

② 勢い【いきおい】 • ① force, vigor, vigour, energy, spirit, life ② influence, authority, power, might ③ impetus, momentum, course (of events) ④ naturally, necessarily

② 早速【さっそく】 • at once, immediately, without delay, promptly

② 帯【おび】 • ① obi (kimono sash) ② paper wrapper on books, CDs, etc.

② 竹【たけ】 • ① bamboo ② middle (of a three-tier ranking system)

② 負け【まけ】 • defeat, loss, losing (a game)

② 温かい【あたたかい】 • warm, mild, genial

② 覚ます【さます】 • ① to awaken ② to disabuse ③ to sober up

② 幾【いく】 • ① some, several ② many ③ how many?, how much?

② 境【さかい】 • border, boundary, mental state

② 近寄る【ちかよる】 • to approach, to draw near

② 群れ【むれ】 • group, crowd, flock, herd, bevy, school, swarm, cluster (of stars), clump

② 更ける【ふける】 • to get late, to advance, to wear on

② 荒い【あらい】 • rough, rude, wild

② 座布団【ざぶとん】 • zabuton (flat floor cushion used when sitting or kneeling; usu. rectangular)

② 再三【さいさん】 • again and again, repeatedly

② 床屋【とこや】 • barbershop, barber

② 照る【てる】 • to shine

② 接続【せつぞく】 • ① connection, attachment, union, join, joint, link ② changing trains ③ conjunction

② 相違【そうい】 • difference, discrepancy, variation

② 束【たば】 • bundle, bunch, sheaf

② 足袋【たび】 • tabi, Japanese socks (with split toe)

② 宅【たく】 • house, home, husband

② 探る【さぐる】 • to search, to look for, to sound out

② 中途【ちゅうと】 • in the middle, half-way

② 追い越す【おいこす】 • to pass (e.g. car), to outdistance, to outstrip

② 突き当たる【つきあたる】 • to run into, to collide with

② 突く【つく】 • ① to prick, to stab ② to poke, to prod, to push, to thrust, to nudge, to hit, to strike ③ to use (a cane), to prop oneself up with, to press against (the floor, etc.) ④ to attack ⑤ to brave (the rain, etc.)

② 破片【はへん】 • fragment, splinter, broken piece

② 背負う【せおう】 • to be burdened with, to carry on back or shoulder

② 革【かわ】 • leather

② 不規則【ふきそく】 • irregularity, unsteadiness, disorderly

② 編【へん】 • ① compilation (of a text), editing ② volume (of a text) ③ completed literary work

② 暴れる【あばれる】 • to act violently, to rage, to struggle, to be riotous

② 無限【むげん】 • infinite

② 勇ましい【いさましい】 • ① brave, valiant, gallant, courageous ② stirring, vigorous, rousing

② 傾く【かたむく】 • to incline toward, to slant, to lurch, to heel over, to be disposed to, to trend toward, to be prone to, to go down (sun), to wane, to sink, to decline

② お辞儀【おじぎ】 • bow, bowing

② 一応【いちおう】 • once, tentatively, in outline, for the time being, just in case

② 艶【つや】 • gloss, glaze

② 緩い【ゆるい】 • loose, lenient, slow

② 恐縮【きょうしゅく】 • shame, very kind of you, sorry to trouble

② 堅い【かたい】 • ① hard, solid, tough ② stiff, tight, wooden, unpolished (e.g. writing) ③ strong, firm (not viscous or easily moved) ④ safe, steady, honest, steadfast ⑤ obstinate, stubborn ⑥ bookish, formal, stuffy

② 後悔【こうかい】 • regret, repentance

② 御覧【ごらん】 • ① (after the -te form of a verb) (please) try to ② (please) look ③ seeing, looking, watching

② 紺【こん】 • navy blue, deep blue

② 座敷【ざしき】 • tatami room

② 砕く【くだく】 • to break, to smash

② 削る【けずる】 • ① to shave (wood or leather), to sharpen, to plane, to whittle, to pare, to scrape off ② to cross out, to reduce, to curtail, to remove, to erase, to delete

② 紫【むらさき】 • ① purple, violet ② Lithospermum erythrorhizon (species of gromwell) ③ type of soy sauce

② 射す【さす】 • to shine

② 斜め【ななめ】 • ① slanting, tilted, sloping, diagonal, oblique ② unusual, slanted (view of the world), bad (mood)

② 煮る【にる】 • to boil, to cook

② 縮める【ちぢめる】 • to shorten, to reduce, to boil down, to shrink

② 将棋【しょうぎ】 • shogi, Japanese chess, xianqi

② 障子【しょうじ】 • shoji (paper sliding door)

② 飾り【かざり】 • decoration

② 杉【すぎ】 • Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica

② 惜しい【おしい】 • ① regrettable, disappointing ② precious, dear, valuable ③ too good for, deserving better ④ almost but not quite

② 草履【ぞうり】 • zori (Japanese footwear sandals)

② あう • ① to meet, to encounter ② to have an accident, to have a bad experience

② 弾【たま】 • ① ball, sphere, globe, orb ② bead (of sweat, dew, etc.), drop, droplet ③ ball (in sports) ④ pile (of noodles, etc.) ⑤ bullet ⑥ bulb (i.e. a light bulb) ⑦ ens (of glasses, etc.) ⑧ bead (of an abacus) ⑨ egg ⑩ gem, jewel (esp. spherical; sometimes used figuratively), pearl ⑪ female entertainer (e.g. a geisha) ⑫ person (when commenting on their nature), character ⑬ item, funds or person used as part of a plot ⑭ coin ⑮ precious, beautiful, excellent

② 彫る【ほる】 • ① to carve, to engrave, to sculpt, to chisel ② to tattoo

② 彫刻【ちょうこく】 • carving, engraving, sculpture

② 吐く【はく】 • ① to breathe ② to tell (lies) ③ to vomit, to disgorge

② 怒り【いかり】 • anger, hatred, rage, wrath

② 刀【かたな】 • (single-edged) sword, katana

② 瞳【ひとみ】 • ① pupil (of eye) ② eye

② 独り言【ひとりごと】 • soliloquy, monologue, speaking to oneself

② 派手【はで】 • showy, loud, gay, flashy, gaudy

② 崩れる【くずれる】 • to collapse, to crumble

② 泡【あわ】 • bubble, foam, froth, head on beer

② 欄【らん】 • ① column of text (e.g. in a newspaper) ② field (in a form, web page, etc.)

② 鈴【すず】 • bell (often globular)

② 廊下【ろうか】 • corridor

② よる • ① to be due to, to be caused by ② to depend on, to turn on ③ to be based on, to come from

② 襖【ふすま】 • fusuma (Japanese sliding screen)

② 瓦【かわら】 • roof tile

② 癌【がん】 • cancer

② 汲む【くむ】 • ① to draw (water), to ladle, to dip, to scoop, to pump ② to have a drink together ③ to consider, to sympathize with, to sympathise with

② そば • ① buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) ② soba (Japanese buckwheat noodles)

② 櫛【くし】 • comb

② 屑【くず】 • ① waste, scrap, garbage ② chad

② 糊【のり】 • paste, glue, starch

② 跨ぐ【またぐ】 • to straddle

② いきなり • abruptly, suddenly, all of a sudden, without warning

② こする • to rub, to scrub

② 尖る【とがる】 • ① to taper to a point, to become sharp ② to look displeased, to look sour

② つぶれる • ① to be smashed ② to become useless, to cease functioning ③ to go bankrupt

② 爪【つめ】 • ① nail (e.g. fingernail, toenail), claw, talon, hoof ② plectrum, pick ③ hook, clasp

② とん • ton (now usu. a metric ton, i.e. 1,000kg)

② 濡らす【ぬらす】 • to wet, to soak, to dip

② 這う【はう】 • to creep, to crawl

② 撫でる【なでる】 • to brush gently, to stroke, to caress

② もち • sticky rice cake

② さすが • ① as one would expect ② still, all the same ③ even... (e.g. "even a genius...")

② いずれ • ① where, which, who ② anyway, anyhow, at any rate, sooner or later, eventually, at some future date or time

② こしらえる • to make, to manufacture

② 揉む【もむ】 • to rub, to crumple (up), to wrinkle, to massage, to be troubled about, to worry over, to train, to coach

② 匂う【におう】 • ① to be fragrant, to smell (good) ② to stink, to smell (bad) ③ to glow, to be bright

① ぐっと • firmly, fast, much, more

① ふらふら • unsteady on one's feet, stagger, reel, totter, dizzy

① ぶらぶら • dangle heavily, swing, sway to and fro, aimlessly, idly, lazily, loiter, loaf, stroll idly

① ほっと • feeling relieved, (sigh of) relief

① 間【ま】 • space, room, time, pause

① 向き【むき】 • direction, orientation, aspect, situation, exposure, suitability, tendency

① 巻【まき】 • ① roll (e.g. of cloth) ② winding ③ volume (of book)

① 床【とこ】 • ① bed, bedding ② sickbed ③ alcove ④ riverbed ⑤ seedbed ⑥ straw "core" of a tatami mat ⑦ floor

① 輪【りん】 • counter for wheels and flowers

① 一見【いっけん】 • ① look, glimpse, glance ② to glance, to glimpse ③ apparently, seemingly

① 一心【いっしん】 • ① one mind ② wholeheartedness, one's whole heart

① 一層【いっそ】 • ① much more, still more, all the more, (would) rather, sooner, might as well ② single layer (or storey, etc.)

① 一息【ひといき】 • ① one breath, pause, rest ② one go (i.e. in a short time) ③ small amount of effort

① 一目【いちもく】 • ① (a) glance, (a) look, (a) glimpse ② (a) stone (in Go) ③ complete view, bird's-eye view

① 英雄【えいゆう】 • hero, great man

① 縁【えん】 • ① fate, destiny (esp. as a mysterious force that binds two people together) ② relationship (e.g. between two people), bond, link, connection ③ family ties, affinity ④ opportunity, chance (to meet someone and start a relationship) ⑤ pratyaya (indirect conditions, as opposed to direct causes) ⑥ narrow open-air veranda

① 何だか【なんだか】 • (a) little, somewhat, somehow

① 家計【かけい】 • household economy, family finances

① 果て【はて】 • the end, the extremity, the limit, the limits, the result

① 我【われ】 • ① I, me ② oneself

① 掛け【かけ】 • ① credit ② partially, half

① 滑らか【なめらか】 • smoothness, glassiness

① 緩む【ゆるむ】 • to become loose, to slacken

① 緩める【ゆるめる】 • to loosen, to slow down

① 鞠【まり】 • ball

① 弓【ゆみ】 • bow (and arrow)

① 極めて【きわめて】 • exceedingly, extremely, decisively

① 愚痴【ぐち】 • ① idle complaint, grumble ② moha (ignorance, folly)

① 群【ぐん】 • ① group (of animals) ② group

① 傾ける【かたむける】 • to incline, to list, to bend, to lean, to tip, to tilt, to slant, to concentrate on, to ruin (a country), to squander, to empty

① 刑【けい】 • penalty, sentence, punishment

① 茎【くき】 • stalk

① 元来【がんらい】 • originally, primarily, essentially, logically, naturally

① 固める【かためる】 • to harden, to freeze, to fortify

① 悟る【さとる】 • ① to understand, to comprehend, to realize, to perceive, to sense, to discern ② to attain enlightenment

① 控える【ひかえる】 • ① to be temperate in, to restrain oneself from excessive ... ② to make notes ③ to hold back ④ to be in preparation for, to be in waiting for ⑤ to be soon, to be in the offing ⑥ to be in a close relationship (e.g. as a backer, etc.)

① 作【さく】 • a work, a harvest

① 作り【つくり】 • ① making, producing, manufacturing, building, construction, make, structure ② appearance (i.e. attire, make-up) ③ build (i.e. physique) ④ sashimi ⑤ forced (smile, etc.)

① 残酷【ざんこく】 • cruelty, harshness

① 侍【さむらい】 • warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period), samurai

① 自覚【じかく】 • self-consciousness, self-awareness

① 自在【じざい】 • freely, at will

① 辞退【じたい】 • declining, refusal, nonacceptance, turning down, withdrawal (e.g. candidacy), pulling out (e.g. race), excusing oneself

① 軸【じく】 • axis, stem, shaft, axle

① 実【じつ】 • ① truth, reality ② sincerity, honesty, fidelity ③ content, substance ④ (good) result

① 借り【かり】 • borrowing, debt, loan

① 弱る【よわる】 • to weaken, to be troubled, to be downcast, to be emaciated, to be dejected, to be perplexed, to impair

① 手元【てもと】 • ① (money) on hand or at home, one's purse (handbag) ② usual skill

① 梢【こずえ】 • treetop, tip of a branch

① 焦る【あせる】 • to be in a hurry, to be impatient

① 障る【さわる】 • to hinder, to interfere with, to affect, to do one harm, to be harmful to

① 丈【たけ】 • height, stature, length, measure, all (one has)

① 心細い【こころぼそい】 • helpless, forlorn, hopeless, unpromising, lonely, discouraging, disheartening

① 真上【まうえ】 • just above, right overhead

① 身の上【みのうえ】 • one's future, one's welfare, one's personal history

① 刃【は】 • edge (of a knife or sword)

① 甚だ【はなはだ】 • very, greatly, exceedingly

① 尽きる【つきる】 • to be used up, to be run out, to be exhausted, to be consumed, to come to an end

① 尽くす【つくす】 • ① to exhaust, to run out ② to devote, to serve (a person), to befriend ③ to do to exhaustion

① 垂れる【たれる】 • ① to hang, to droop, to dangle, to sag, to lower, to pull down ② to leave behind (at death), to give, to confer ③ to drip, to ooze, to trickle, to drop

① 粋【すい】 • ① chic, stylish, refined, sophisticated, smart ② understanding, sympathetic ③ the best

① 据える【すえる】 • ① to place (in position), to fix, to set (e.g. table), to lay (foundation) ② to install, to seat (someone) ③ to settle (upon something), to fix (e.g. one's gaze) ④ to apply (moxa)

① 澄ます【すます】 • to clear, to make clear, to be unruffled, to look unconcerned, to look demure, to look prim, to put on airs

① 生やす【はやす】 • to grow, to cultivate, to wear a beard

① 生涯【しょうがい】 • one's lifetime (i.e. one's existence until death), one's career

① 盛る【もる】 • ① to serve (food, etc.) ② to fill up ③ to prescribe

① 切ない【せつない】 • ① painful, heartrending, trying ② oppressive, suffocating, miserable

① 接ぐ【つぐ】 • ① to join ② to piece together ③ to set (bones) ④ to graft (trees)

① 折【おり】 • chance, suitable time

① 雪崩【なだれ】 • avalanche

① 先だって【せんだって】 • recently, the other day

① 鮮やか【あざやか】 • vivid, clear, brilliant

① 善良【ぜんりょう】 • goodness, excellence, virtue

① 相【そう】 • ① appearance, look, countenance ② a 'seeming' that fortune-tellers relate to one's fortune ③ aspect ④ phase (e.g. solid, liquid and gaseous)

① 側面【そくめん】 • side, flank, sidelight, lateral

① 太刀【たち】 • long sword

① 対【つい】 • ① pair, couple, set ② antithesis ③ counter for items that come in pairs ④ counter for sets (of clothes, small furniture, utensils, etc.)

① 対等【たいとう】 • equivalent

① 帯【たい】 • band (e.g. conduction, valence), belt (e.g. Van-Allen, asteroid, etc.)

① 大空【おおぞら】 • heavens, firmament, sky

① 大柄【おおがら】 • large build, large pattern

① 旦那【だんな】 • husband (informal), master (of house, shop, etc.), word used to address a male patron or customer (sir, boss, master, governor), patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess

① 恥【はじ】 • shame, embarrassment

① 鳥居【とりい】 • torii (Shinto shrine archway)

① 天【てん】 • ① sky ② heaven ③ svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth) ④ deva (divine being of Buddhism)

① 天井【てんじょう】 • ceiling, ceiling price

① 天下【てんか】 • the world, whole country, descent from heaven, having one's own way, the public, the ruling power

① 天辺【てっぺん】 • top, summit, apex, scalp

① 土手【どて】 • embankment, bank

① 当て【あて】 • object, aim, end, hopes, expectations

① 到底【とうてい】 • (cannot) possibly, no matter how

① 敗北【はいぼく】 • ① defeat ② to be defeated

① 尾【お】 • tail, ridge

① 眉【まゆ】 • eyebrow, eyebrows

① 美【び】 • beauty

① 不意【ふい】 • sudden, abrupt, unexpected, unforeseen

① 負う【おう】 • ① to bear, to carry on one's back ② to take responsibility for, to accept a duty ③ to be injured ④ to owe

① 弁【べん】 • Oversight Department (division of the daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices)

① 捕虜【ほりょ】 • prisoner (of war)

① 放り込む【ほうりこむ】 • to throw into

① 暴風【ぼうふう】 • storm, windstorm, gale

① 無念【むねん】 • ① chagrin, regret ② free from obstructive thoughts

① 無論【むろん】 • of course, naturally

① 矢【や】 • arrow

① 揺らぐ【ゆらぐ】 • to swing, to sway, to shake, to tremble

① 遥か【はるか】 • far, far away, distant, remote, far off

① 乱す【みだす】 • to throw out of order, to disarrange, to disturb

① 条【じょう】 • ① article (in document), provision ② stripe, streak, line

① いかにも • indeed, really, phrase meaning agreement

① ことごとく • altogether, entirely

① 闇【やみ】 • darkness, the dark, black-marketeering, dark, shady, illegal

① かつ • yet, moreover, and

① 捲る【めくる】 • to turn over, to turn pages of a book, to tear off, to strip off

① 股【また】 • ① crotch, crutch, groin, thigh ② fork (in a tree, road, river, etc.), tines (of a fork)

① 杖【つえ】 • cane, walking stick, staff

① 膳【ぜん】 • ① small dining table (usu. for a single person), serving tray (with legs) ② meal, food, serving ③ counter for bowlfuls of rice, counter for pairs of chopsticks

① 頂【いただき】 • crown (of head), summit (of mountain), spire

① むら • unevenness, inconsistency, erraticness, irregularity

① 返る【かえる】 • ① to return, to come back, to go back ② (after the -masu stem of a verb) (to become) extremely, (to become) completely

① 藁【わら】 • straw

① つぼみ • bud, flower bud

① 噛る【かじる】 • ① to chew, to bite (at), to gnaw, to nibble, to munch, to crunch, to have a smattering of ② to dabble in (e.g. hobby, instrument)

あやす • to cuddle, to comfort, to rock, to soothe, to dandle

おおい • ① hey!, oi! ② me

おい • ① hey!, oi! ② me

かみさん • ① (one's) wife ② (someone's) wife ③ landlady

からから • ① parched, dried-up ② rattle ③ loud laughter

きらきら • glitter, sparkle, glisten, twinkle

ぎりぎり • ① at the last moment, just barely ② grinding sound

ぐるぐる • ① turning round and round, going around in circles ② wrapped around

すらり • ① long, slender and well-proportioned ② smooth, continuous (movement)

その後【そのご】 • after that, afterwards, thereafter

たった • only, merely, but, no more than

だらだら • ① pouring liquid ② prevaricating ③ long, gentle slope ④ sluggishly, endlessly

ちゃり • bicycle;

とき • regular (stops at every station) Jouetsu-line Shinkansen

なら • ① if, in case, if it is the case that, if it is true that ② as for, on the topic of ③ if possible, if circumstances allow

はっと • taken aback

ばらばら • scattered, disperse, loose, disconnected, in pieces, in drops, rustling

ぱっと • suddenly, in a flash, rapidly, nimbly, alertly

ふらり • aimlessly

ぶら下がる【ぶらさがる】 • to hang from, to dangle, to swing

ほろほろ • ① by ones and twos ② tears or flower petals falling quietly ③ gurgling bird sound

ぼうっと • ① doing nothing, being stupefied, flushingly, abstractedly, dazedly, blankly, dreamily ② dimly, hazily, faintly, vaguely, indistinctly ③ with a roar (e.g. flames), with a whoosh

ステッキ • stick

バナナ • banana

ビラ • holiday house, villa

ピアノ • piano

下す【くだす】 • ① to make (a decision), to pass (judgement, etc.), to hand down (orders, etc.) ② to let go down, to lower ③ to do oneself, to do by oneself

何時しか【いつしか】 • before one knows, unnoticed, unawares

いつの間にか【いつのまにか】 • before one knows, before one becomes aware of, unnoticed, unawares

気さく【きさく】 • frank, sociable, good humored, good humoured, candid, openhearted, ready, willing

後【のち】 • ① later, afterwards, since ② future ③ after one's death

今時分【いまじぶん】 • about this time

時には【ときには】 • at times, occasionally

時分【じぶん】 • time, hour, season, time of the year

出し【だし】 • ① dashi (Japanese soup stock made from fish and kelp) ② pretext, excuse, pretense (pretence), dupe, front man

出来【でき】 • ① workmanship, craftsmanship, execution, finish ② grades, results, score, record ③ quality (e.g. of a crop) ④ dealings, transactions

女【じょ】 • ① woman, girl, daughter ② Chinese "Girl" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)

上げ【あげ】 • rise in price, making a tuck

天【あま】 • ① sky ② heaven ③ svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth) ④ deva (divine being of Buddhism)

入り【いり】 • ① entering ② setting (of the sun) ③ containing, content, audience ④ income ⑤ beginning

入れ【いれ】 • container, receptacle

母子【ぼし】 • mother and child

気がつく【きがつく】 • ① to notice, to become aware, to perceive, to realize, to realise ② to recover consciousness, to come to oneself

にこり • smile (sweetly), grin

しまいに • at the end, finally

ポット • pot

医長【いちょう】 • medical director, chief physician

海中【かいちゅう】 • in the sea

近づく【ちかづく】 • to approach, to get near, to get acquainted with, to get closer

古風【こふう】 • old customs, old style

三文【さんもん】 • cheapness, farthing

仕切り【しきり】 • partition, division, boundary, compartment, settlement of accounts, toeing the mark

使い方【つかいかた】 • way to use something, treatment, management (of help)

思い切る【おもいきる】 • ① to give up all thoughts of, to abandon, to despair of ② to make up one's mind, to take a momentous decision

思える【おもえる】 • to seem, to appear likely

持ち出す【もちだす】 • ① to take out, to carry out, to bring out from where it belongs ② to mention something, to broach a topic, to bring up (a subject), to raise (an issue), to mention

始めて【はじめて】 • ① for the first time ② only after ... is it ..., only when ... do you ...

書体【しょたい】 • calligraphic style, calligraphic styles, typeface

心持ち【こころもち】 • feeling, mood, somewhat, slightly

ふり • ① pretence (pretense), show ② appearance, behaviour ③ swing, swinging ④ lacking a reservation or introduction (at a restaurant, etc.) ⑤ unsewn part of a hanging sleeve on a traditional Japanese woman's garment

真【しん】 • ① truth, reality, genuineness ② seriousness ③ logical TRUE ④ printed style writing ⑤ star performer

青空【あおぞら】 • blue sky

体【たい】 • ① body, physique, posture ② shape, form, style ③ substance, identity, reality ④ field ⑤ counter for humanoid forms (e.g. dolls, statues, corpses, etc.)

知れる【しれる】 • to become known, to come to light, to be discovered

天文学【てんもんがく】 • astronomy

店先【みせさき】 • store front

田【た】 • rice field

同じく【おなじく】 • similarly, same (idea), same (name)

同時に【どうじに】 • coincident with, while, simultaneously

道楽【どうらく】 • hobby, pastime, dissipation, dissipated

道理【どうり】 • reason, truth

読み方【よみかた】 • way of reading, how to read

入室【にゅうしつ】 • entering a room, studying under a Buddhist teacher

不時【ふじ】 • emergency, unexpectedness

真白【まっしろ】 • pure white

重み【おもみ】 • importance, weight, dignity, emphasis

開き【ひらき】 • ① opening, gap ② dried and opened fish

一直線【いっちょくせん】 • straight line

遠近【えんきん】 • distance, perspective, far and near, here and there

横たえる【よこたえる】 • to lie down, to lay (oneself) down

回し【まわし】 • sumo wrestler's loincloth

確かに【たしかに】 • surely, certainly

あお向け【あおむけ】 • face up

くり返し【くりかえし】 • ① repetition, reiteration, iteration, cycle ② repeatedly

みる • ① to see, to look, to watch, to view, to observe ② to look over, to look on, to assess, to examine, to judge ③ to look after, to keep an eye on, to take care of ④ to view (e.g. flowers, movie) ⑤ to try ⑥ to see that..., to find that...

見回す【みまわす】 • to look around, to survey

見物人【けんぶつにん】 • spectator, sightseer, onlookers

考え出す【かんがえだす】 • to think out, to devise, to invent, to begin to think, to come up with a plan

黒光り【くろびかり】 • black lustre, black luster

留る【とまる】 • ① to stop, to halt ② to remain, to abide, to stay (in the one place) ③ to come to a halt ④ to be limited to

小鼻【こばな】 • nostrils, wings of the nose

真暗【まっくら】 • ① total darkness, pitch dark ② bleak future, poor prospects

真っ向【まっこう】 • brow, front, helmet front

まとも • ① the front ② honesty, uprightness, directness ③ decency, normality

草原【そうげん】 • grass-covered plain, grasslands, meadows, savannah, prairie, steppe

様【ざま】 • ① mess, sorry state, plight, sad sight ② way, manner

大勢【たいせい】 • general trend, current thought

柱【はしら】 • ① pillar, post ② support, prop, mainstay ③ counter for buddhas, gods, nobles, etc.

町内【ちょうない】 • neighborhood, neighbourhood, street, block, town

直し【なおし】 • ① correction, rectification ② mending, repair

あっぱれ • ① splendid, praiseworthy, admirable, brilliant ② well done!, bravo!

店頭【てんとう】 • shop front, counter, shop, over-the-counter (financial)

等身【とうしん】 • body proportions

路【みち】 • ① road, street, way, path, course, route, lane ② distance, ways (e.g. "a long ways") ③ the way (of proper conduct, etc.), one's way, morals ④ teachings (esp. Confucian or Buddhist), dogma ⑤ field (of medicine, etc.), subject ⑥ way, method, means

年次【ねんじ】 • ① annual ② fiscal year, school year ③ year (in some sequence)

配電【はいでん】 • distribution of electricity

飛び乗る【とびのる】 • to jump upon (a moving object)

百合【ゆり】 • lily, Lilium

流れ出す【ながれだす】 • to flow out, to stream out, to pour out, to gush forth, to leak, to ooze out, to drift away

両手【りょうて】 • ① (with) both hands ② approvingly

合【ごう】 • ① 0.18039 litres (liters) ② 0.3306 metres square (meters) ③ one-tenth of the way from the base to the summit of a mountain ④ (astronomical) conjunction ⑤ counter for covered containers ⑥ counter for matches, battles, etc.

しか • certainly (for certain) (used in negative sense)

偉人【いじん】 • great man

一心不乱【いっしんふらん】 • wholeheartedly, with heart and soul, intently, with undivided attention, with intense concentration, single-mindedly

煙【けぶり】 • smoke, fumes

奥歯【おくば】 • molars, back teeth

降る【くだる】 • ① to descend, to go down, to come down ② to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.) ③ to pass (of time) ④ to surrender, to capitulate ⑤ (often in neg. form) to be less than, to be inferior to ⑥ to have the runs, to have diarrhea

各紙【かくし】 • every newspaper (magazine)

格子【こうし】 • (crystal) lattice, grid pattern

寄せ【よせ】 • ① last moves (in go, shogi, or chess), endgame ② gathering, collecting, coming together

気掛かり【きがかり】 • anxiety, concern, worry

疑念【ぎねん】 • doubt, suspicion, misgivings, scruples

漁夫【ぎょふ】 • fisherman

共【ども】 • ① first-person plural (or singular) ② second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)

掘り出す【ほりだす】 • to dig out, to pick up

芸者【げいしゃ】 • geisha, Japanese singing and dancing girl

互いに【たがいに】 • mutually, with each other, reciprocally, together

いいかげん • ① irresponsible, perfunctory, careless ② lukewarm, half-baked, halfhearted, vague ③ reasonable, moderate (usu. in suggestions or orders) ④ considerably, quite, rather, pretty

降参【こうさん】 • giving in to, giving up, surrender

刻【こく】 • ① archaic period of time (usu. a period of approx. two hours corresponding to one of the signs of the Chinese zodiac) ② carving, engraving, cutting, mincing ③ victory ④ strictness, cruelty

刻み【きざみ】 • shredded tobacco, notch, nick

刻みつける【きざみつける】 • to engrave, to carve out

差し込む【さしこむ】 • ① to insert, to put in, to thrust in, to plug in ② to shine in, to flow in ③ to jam a batter (with an inside pitch) (baseball)

再選【さいせん】 • re-election

際どい【きわどい】 • ① very close, close, narrow (e.g. narrow victory), dangerous, risky, hazardous ② suggestive, bordering on the obscene, risqué, delicate (e.g. question), immoral, questionable, shady

際限【さいげん】 • limits, end, bounds

辞意【じい】 • intention to resign

小判【こばん】 • ① koban, small former Japanese oval gold coin ② oval ③ small size (of paper)

のびのび • feeling at ease, carefree

新刊【しんかん】 • new book, new publication

震え【ふるえ】 • shivering, trembling

水夫【すいふ】 • sailor, seaman

生け捕り【いけどり】 • capturing something alive, something captured alive

浅黒い【あさぐろい】 • darkish, swarthy

双方【そうほう】 • two way, both parties, mutual, both

地蔵【じぞう】 • Ksitigarbha (bodhisattva who looks over children, travellers and the underworld) (travelers)

通り越す【とおりこす】 • to go past (a place or thing), to go beyond

滴【しずく】 • drop (of water), drip

滴る【したたる】 • to drip, to drop, to trickle

突出【とっしゅつ】 • projection, protrusion

のぞき込む【のぞきこむ】 • to look into, to peer in

判然【はんぜん】 • clear, distinct, evident, definite

あなた • beyond, across, the other side, the distance

付け【つけ】 • ① fixed ② bill, bill of sale ③ tab (for later payment), credit

浮き上がる【うきあがる】 • ① to float, to rise to the surface ② to stand out, to be visible ③ to be alienated

沸き返る【わきかえる】 • ① to boil up, to break out, to arise, to seethe ② to get excited, to be in uproar

片隅【かたすみ】 • corner, nook

片側【かたがわ】 • one side

未だに【いまだに】 • still, even now, until this very day

無造作【むぞうさ】 • ① casual, off-hand, careless, easy-going ② artless, simple

労使【ろうし】 • labour and management, labor and management

腕組み【うでぐみ】 • folding one's arms

うなずく • to nod, to bow one's head in assent

示し【しめし】 • discipline, revelation

あおい • ① mallow (any plant of family Malvaceae) ② Asarum caulescens (species of wild ginger)

してやる • to do for (someone)

異彩【いさい】 • conspicuous colour, conspicuous color

遺書【いしょ】 • will, testament, testamentary letter

一寸【いっすん】 • ① one sun (approx. 3.03 cm) ② a little bit (of time, distance, etc.)

引っ繰り返る【ひっくりかえる】 • to be overturned, to be upset, to topple over, to be reversed

往来【おうらい】 • coming and going, road, correspondence, street traffic, highway

伽【とぎ】 • nursing, nurse, attending, attendant, entertainer

花弁【はなびら】 • (flower) petal

がき • ① brat, kids ② preta (hungry ghost), ghoul

怪しからん【けしからん】 • outrageous, rude, inexcusable

いるか • dolphin (or other small toothed whales, such as porpoises, belugas, etc.)

あく • ① lye ② harsh taste ③ scum (formed when cooking some foods) ④ (excessive) strength of will

括る【くくる】 • ① to tie up, to tie together, to bundle, to fasten ② to hang (oneself) ③ to summarize (e.g. information)

泣き【なき】 • weeping, lamenting

仰る【おっしゃる】 • to say, to speak, to tell, to talk

暁【あかつき】 • dawn, daybreak, in the event of

駆る【かる】 • to drive (car), to spur on, to impel

熊【くま】 • bear (animal)

くり • Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata)

繰返す【くりかえす】 • to repeat, to do something over again

繰る【くる】 • ① to reel, to wind, to spin (thread) ② to turn (pages), to flip through (a book), to leaf through (a book), to consult (a dictionary), to refer to (an encyclopedia) ③ to count (e.g. the days) ④ to open one-by-one, to close one-by-one (e.g. shutters)

鶏【にわとり】 • ① (domestic) chicken ② chicken (meat)

結う【ゆう】 • to do up (hair), to braid, to fasten, to fix

健【けん】 • health, strength, stick-to-itiveness

拳骨【げんこつ】 • fist

古臭い【ふるくさい】 • stale, old fashioned, hackneyed, trite

控え【ひかえ】 • ① reserve, spare, backup ② note, memorandum ③ duplicate, copy, stub (of a ticket, etc.) ④ waiting one's turn

旨【むね】 • ① center (centre), pillar, principle ② purport, gist, drift, meaning

旨い【うまい】 • fortunate, splendid, promising

旨く【うまく】 • ① skilfully, skillfully, well, aptly, cleverly ② successfully, smoothly ③ deliciously

至極【しごく】 • very, extremely, exceedingly

視力【しりょく】 • eyesight

示唆【しさ】 • suggestion, hint, implication

漆【うるし】 • ① lacquer, varnish, japan ② lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum)

蛇【へび】 • ① snake ② serpent, large snake

手繰る【たぐる】 • to pull in (rope)

手綱【たづな】 • bridle, reins

朱【あけ】 • ① scarlet, red ② blood

趣向【しゅこう】 • plan, idea

潤い【うるおい】 • ① moisture, damp, wetness ② richness, warmth, gain, profit ③ financial leeway

小僧【こぞう】 • ① youngster ② young Buddhist priest

松【まつ】 • ① pine tree ② highest (of a three-tier ranking system)

振り向ける【ふりむける】 • ① to turn (around) ② to appropriate, to set aside for a purpose

浸る【ひたる】 • to be soaked in, to be flooded, to be immersed in

薪【たきぎ】 • ① firewood, kindling, fuel ② piece(s) of firewood

うねる • ① to wind (of a road, etc.), to meander, to twist ② to undulate, to surge, to swell, to roll

潜り【もぐり】 • diving, diver, unlicensed (doctor, driver, etc.), unregistered, unqualified

銭【せん】 • ① hundredth of a yen ② coin made of non-precious materials

肥る【ふとる】 • to grow fat (stout, plump), to become fat, to gain weight

沢【さわ】 • ① swamp, marsh ② mountain stream, valley, dale

辰【たつ】 • fifth sign of Chinese zodiac (The Dragon, 7am-9am, east-southeast, March)

辱【じょく】 • shame, embarrassment

丁【ちょう】 • ① counter for sheets, pages, leaves, etc. ② counter for blocks of tofu, counter for servings in a restaurant ③ counter for long and narrow things such as guns, scissors, spades, hoes, inksticks, palanquins, candles, jinrikishas, shamisen, oars, etc. ④ even number ⑤ 109.09 m

弔辞【ちょうじ】 • message of condolence, memorial address

張り上げる【はりあげる】 • to raise (one's voice)

透す【とおす】 • to let pass, to overlook, to continue, to keep, to make way for, to persist in

塚【つか】 • mound

提げる【さげる】 • to take along, to hold in the hand

桃【もも】 • peach, prunus persica (tree)

豆腐【とうふ】 • tofu, bean-curd

眸【ひとみ】 • ① pupil (of eye) ② eye

豚【ぶた】 • pig

忍ぶ【しのぶ】 • ① to conceal oneself, to hide ② to endure

浪【なみ】 • wave

鳩【はと】 • pigeon, dove

帆柱【ほばしら】 • mast

かなしい • sad, sorrowful

肥【こえ】 • manure, night soil, dung, fertiliser, fertilizer

眉【まみえ】 • eyebrow, eyebrows

眉毛【まゆげ】 • eyebrows

敷居【しきい】 • threshold

伏せる【ふせる】 • to lay something upside down, to turn something over, to cover, to lay (pipes), to lay (an ambush), to hide

堀【ほり】 • moat, canal

無為【むい】 • idleness, inactivity

無遠慮【ぶえんりょ】 • rude, outspoken

無尽蔵【むじんぞう】 • inexhaustible supply

めった • thoughtless, reckless, seldom (neg. verb), careless

毛穴【けあな】 • pores (of the skin)

盲目【もうもく】 • blindness

柳【やなぎ】 • ① willow (any tree of genus Salix) ② weeping willow (Salix babylonica)

欄干【らんかん】 • guardrail, handrail, bannister

輪郭【りんかく】 • contours, outlines, features, border, silhouette

和尚【おしょう】 • ① preceptor or high priest (esp. in Zen or Pure Land Buddhism) ② preceptor or high priest (in Tendai or Kegon Buddhism) ③ preceptor or high priest (in Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism) ④ second highest priestly rank in Buddhism ⑤ monk (esp. the head monk of a temple) ⑥ master (of one's art, trade, etc.)

拍子【ひょうし】 • ① (musical) time, tempo, beat, rhythm ② the moment, the instance, chance

墓石【はかいし】 • tombstone, gravestone

眼【め】 • ① eye, eyeball ② eyesight ③ look ④ experience ⑤ viewpoint ⑥ ordinal number suffix ⑦ somewhat, -ish

崩れ【くずれ】 • crumbling, collapse, ruin

斜【はす】 • diagonal

うろたえる • to be flustered, to lose one's presence of mind

お尻【おしり】 • arse, ass, bottom, buttocks

あし • common reed (Phragmites australis)

暗闇【くらやみ】 • darkness, the dark

衣裳【いしょう】 • clothing, costume, outfit, garment, dress

引き摺る【ひきずる】 • ① to drag along, to pull ② to force someone along ③ to prolong, to drag out ④ to influence strongly, to seduce

曳く【ひく】 • ① to pull ② to draw (attention, etc.), to attract (interest, etc.) ③ to draw back ④ to draw (a card) ⑤ to draw (plan, line, etc.) ⑥ to catch (cold) ⑦ to play (string instr.) ⑧ to look up (e.g. dictionary), to consult ⑨ to haul, to pull (vehicles) ⑩ to subtract ⑪ to ebb, to fade ⑫ to descend (from), to inherit (a characteristic) ⑬ to quote, to raise (as evidence) ⑭ to lay (a cable), to draw (a cable)

碓【うす】 • mill-stone, mortar

焔【ほのお】 • flame, blaze

桶【おけ】 • bucket

夏蜜柑【なつみかん】 • Chinese citron (Citrus natsudaidai), bitter summer orange (mandarin)

あう • ① to meet, to encounter ② to have an accident, to have a bad experience

笠【かさ】 • ① conical hat (East-Asian style), coolie hat ② something shaped like a conical hat, shade (of a lamp)

樫【かし】 • evergreen oak

咬む【かむ】 • ① to bite, to chew, to gnaw ② to fumble or falter with one's words

つなぎ • stopgap measure, filler (i.e. time, space), patch

研鑽【けんさん】 • study, devoting oneself to one's studies

儼然【げんぜん】 • grave, solemn, majestic, stern, authoritative

合祀【ごうし】 • enshrining together

坐る【すわる】 • ① to sit, to squat ② to assume (a position) ③ to hold steady, to hold still

肴【さかな】 • ① appetizer or snack served with drinks ② performance to liven up a bar, conversation to liven up a party

鮫【さめ】 • shark

手頃【てごろ】 • moderate, handy

竪【たて】 • ① the vertical, height ② front-to-back, length

廻る【めぐる】 • ① to go around ② to return ③ to surround ④ to concern (usu. of disputes)

鞘【さや】 • scabbard

真鍮【しんちゅう】 • brass

頗る【すこぶる】 • extremely, very much

痕【あと】 • scar

接吻【せっぷん】 • kiss, kissing

素樸【そぼく】 • simplicity, artlessness, naivete

掻き立てる【かきたてる】 • to stir up, to arouse

かじ • paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)

苔【こけ】 • ① moss ② short plants resembling moss (inc. other bryophytes, lichens, very small spermatophytes, etc.)

ちょうど • just, right, exactly

辻【つじ】 • street, crossroad

田圃【たんぼ】 • paddy field, farm

頭巾【ずきん】 • hood, kerchief

はえ • ① fly (of infraorder Muscomorpha) ② person of no worth, pisher, scrub

芒【すすき】 • Japanese pampas grass (Miscanthus sinensis), silver grass, zebra grass

挽く【ひく】 • ① to saw ② to grind (e.g. coffee beans), to mill

琵琶【びわ】 • biwa (Japanese lute)

膝頭【ひざがしら】 • kneecap

蒲団【ふとん】 • ① futon (quilted Japanese-style mattress laid out on the floor) ② round cushion used for Zen meditation (traditionally made of woven bulrush leaves)

淵【ふち】 • deep pool, abyss, the depths

ふち • deep pool, abyss, the depths

糞【くそ】 • damn (adds emphasis and or annoyance to next word, e.g. damn hot, damn kids, etc.), damned

茫然【ぼうぜん】 • dumbfounded, overcome with surprise, in blank amazement, in a daze

抛る【ほうる】 • ① to let go, to abandon, to leave undone ② to throw, to toss, to fling

蜂【はち】 • ① bee ② wasp

ほとんど • mostly, almost

りんご • ① apple ② apple tree (Malus pumila)

艪【ろ】 • Japanese scull (oar attached to the rear of the boat by a traditional peg-in-hole oarlock)

泄れ【もれ】 • omission, leakage, oversight

腋【わき】 • ① side, aside ② armpit ③ back-burner

鰐口【わにぐち】 • ① wide mouth ② alligator ③ temple gong

らっぱ • trumpet, horn, bugle

あざける • to scoff, to laugh at, to make fun of, to ridicule, to jeer at

あざわらう • to sneer at, to ridicule

曰く【いわく】 • ① pretext, history, past, story ② according to ..., ... says

ふくろう • owl (esp. the Ural owl, Strix uralensis)

琥珀【こはく】 • amber

そり • sleigh, sled, sledge

云う【いう】 • ① to say ② to call (i.e. to give a name)

枕元【まくらもと】 • near one's pillow, at one's bedside

こうして • thus, in this way